using System.Diagnostics; using System.Globalization; using System.Text; using Nub.Lang.Frontend.Parsing; using Nub.Lang.Frontend.Parsing.Definitions; using Nub.Lang.Frontend.Parsing.Expressions; using Nub.Lang.Frontend.Parsing.Statements; using Nub.Lang.Frontend.Typing; namespace Nub.Lang.Frontend.Generation; public class Generator { private const string OutOfBoundsMessage = "Index is out of bounds\\n"; private List _sourceFiles = []; private StringBuilder _builder = new(); private Dictionary _variables = []; private List _strings = []; private Stack _breakLabels = []; private Stack _continueLabels = []; private int _variableIndex; private int _labelIndex; private int _funcIndex; private bool _codeIsReachable = true; private Dictionary _funcNames = []; public string Generate(List sourceFiles) { _sourceFiles = sourceFiles; _builder = new StringBuilder(); _variables = new Dictionary(); _strings = []; _funcNames = []; _breakLabels = []; _continueLabels = []; _variableIndex = 0; _funcIndex = 0; _labelIndex = 0; _codeIsReachable = true; foreach (var structDef in _sourceFiles.SelectMany(f => f.Definitions).OfType()) { GenerateStructDefinition(structDef); _builder.AppendLine(); } foreach (var funcSignature in _sourceFiles.SelectMany(f => f.Definitions).OfType()) { switch (funcSignature) { case ExternFuncDefinitionNode externFuncDefinitionNode: _funcNames[funcSignature] = externFuncDefinitionNode.Name; break; case LocalFuncDefinitionNode localFuncDefinitionNode: if (localFuncDefinitionNode.Exported) { _funcNames[funcSignature] = localFuncDefinitionNode.Name; } else { var funcName = GenFuncName(); _funcNames[funcSignature] = funcName; } break; default: throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException(nameof(funcSignature)); } } foreach (var funcDef in _sourceFiles.SelectMany(f => f.Definitions).OfType()) { GenerateFuncDefinition(funcDef); _builder.AppendLine(); } _builder.AppendLine($"data $oob_message = {{ b \"{OutOfBoundsMessage}\" }}"); for (var i = 0; i < _strings.Count; i++) { var str = _strings[i]; _builder.AppendLine($"data $str{i + 1} = {{ b \"{str}\", b 0 }}"); } return _builder.ToString(); } private static string SQT(NubType type) { switch (type) { case NubPrimitiveType primitiveType: { switch (primitiveType.Kind) { case PrimitiveTypeKind.I64: case PrimitiveTypeKind.U64: case PrimitiveTypeKind.String: case PrimitiveTypeKind.Any: return "l"; case PrimitiveTypeKind.I32: case PrimitiveTypeKind.U32: case PrimitiveTypeKind.I16: case PrimitiveTypeKind.U16: case PrimitiveTypeKind.I8: case PrimitiveTypeKind.U8: case PrimitiveTypeKind.Bool: return "w"; case PrimitiveTypeKind.F64: return "d"; case PrimitiveTypeKind.F32: return "s"; default: throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException(); } } case NubStructType: case NubPointerType: case NubArrayType: { return "l"; } default: { throw new NotImplementedException(); } } } private static string EQT(NubType type) { switch (type) { case NubPrimitiveType primitiveType: { switch (primitiveType.Kind) { case PrimitiveTypeKind.I64: case PrimitiveTypeKind.U64: case PrimitiveTypeKind.String: return "l"; case PrimitiveTypeKind.Any: case PrimitiveTypeKind.I32: case PrimitiveTypeKind.U32: return "w"; case PrimitiveTypeKind.I16: case PrimitiveTypeKind.U16: return "h"; case PrimitiveTypeKind.I8: case PrimitiveTypeKind.U8: return "b"; case PrimitiveTypeKind.Bool: case PrimitiveTypeKind.F64: return "d"; case PrimitiveTypeKind.F32: return "s"; default: throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException(); } } case NubStructType nubCustomType: { return ":" + nubCustomType.Name; } case NubPointerType: case NubArrayType: { return "l"; } default: { throw new NotImplementedException(); } } } private static string FQT(NubType type) { switch (type) { case NubPrimitiveType primitiveType: { switch (primitiveType.Kind) { case PrimitiveTypeKind.I64: case PrimitiveTypeKind.U64: case PrimitiveTypeKind.String: case PrimitiveTypeKind.Any: return "l"; case PrimitiveTypeKind.I32: case PrimitiveTypeKind.U32: return "w"; case PrimitiveTypeKind.I16: return "sh"; case PrimitiveTypeKind.U16: return "uh"; case PrimitiveTypeKind.I8: return "sb"; case PrimitiveTypeKind.U8: return "ub"; case PrimitiveTypeKind.Bool: return "b"; case PrimitiveTypeKind.F64: return "d"; case PrimitiveTypeKind.F32: return "s"; default: throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException(); } } case NubStructType nubCustomType: { return ":" + nubCustomType.Name; } case NubPointerType: case NubArrayType: { return "l"; } default: { throw new NotImplementedException(); } } } private int QbeTypeSize(NubType type) { switch (type) { case NubPrimitiveType primitiveType: { switch (primitiveType.Kind) { case PrimitiveTypeKind.I64: case PrimitiveTypeKind.U64: case PrimitiveTypeKind.String: case PrimitiveTypeKind.Any: return 8; case PrimitiveTypeKind.I32: case PrimitiveTypeKind.U32: return 4; case PrimitiveTypeKind.I16: case PrimitiveTypeKind.U16: return 2; case PrimitiveTypeKind.I8: case PrimitiveTypeKind.U8: case PrimitiveTypeKind.Bool: return 1; case PrimitiveTypeKind.F64: return 8; case PrimitiveTypeKind.F32: return 4; default: throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException(); } } case NubStructType nubStructType: { var definition = LookupStructDefinition(nubStructType.Namespace, nubStructType.Name); return definition.Fields.Sum(f => QbeTypeSize(f.Type)); } case NubPointerType: case NubArrayType: { return 8; } default: { throw new NotImplementedException(); } } } private bool IsLargeType(NubType type) { return QbeTypeSize(type) > 8; } private void GenerateFuncDefinition(LocalFuncDefinitionNode node) { _variables.Clear(); if (node.Exported) { _builder.Append("export "); } _builder.Append("function "); if (node.ReturnType.HasValue) { _builder.Append($"{FQT(node.ReturnType.Value)} "); } else if (!node.ReturnType.HasValue && node.Name == "main") { _builder.Append("l "); } _builder.Append('$'); _builder.Append(_funcNames[node]); var parameterStrings = node.Parameters.Select(parameter => parameter.Variadic ? "..." : $"{FQT(parameter.Type)} %{parameter.Name}"); _builder.AppendLine($"({string.Join(", ", parameterStrings)}) {{"); _builder.AppendLine("@start"); foreach (var parameter in node.Parameters) { var parameterName = parameter.Name; switch (FQT(parameter.Type)) { case "sb": parameterName = GenVarName(); _builder.AppendLine($" %{parameterName} =w extsb %{parameter.Name}"); break; case "ub": parameterName = GenVarName(); _builder.AppendLine($" %{parameterName} =w extub %{parameter.Name}"); break; case "sh": parameterName = GenVarName(); _builder.AppendLine($" %{parameterName} =w extsh %{parameter.Name}"); break; case "uh": parameterName = GenVarName(); _builder.AppendLine($" %{parameterName} =w extuh %{parameter.Name}"); break; } var pointerName = GenVarName(); _builder.AppendLine($" %{pointerName} ={SQT(parameter.Type)} alloc8 {QbeTypeSize(parameter.Type)}"); _builder.AppendLine($" storel %{parameterName}, %{pointerName}"); _variables[parameter.Name] = new Variable { Pointer = $"%{pointerName}", Type = parameter.Type }; } GenerateBlock(node.Body); if (node.Body.Statements.LastOrDefault() is not ReturnNode) { if (!node.ReturnType.HasValue && node.Name == "main") { _builder.AppendLine(); _builder.AppendLine(" # Implicit return for main"); _builder.AppendLine(" ret 0"); } else if (!node.ReturnType.HasValue) { _builder.AppendLine(); _builder.AppendLine(" # Implicit return"); _builder.AppendLine(" ret"); } } _builder.AppendLine("}"); } private void GenerateStructDefinition(StructDefinitionNode structDefinition) { var fields = structDefinition.Fields.Select(f => EQT(f.Type)); _builder.AppendLine($"type :{structDefinition.Name} = {{ {string.Join(", ", fields)} }}"); } private void GenerateStatement(StatementNode statement) { switch (statement) { case ArrayIndexAssignmentNode arrayIndexAssignment: throw new NotImplementedException(); break; case BreakNode: GenerateBreak(); break; case ContinueNode: GenerateContinue(); break; case IfNode ifStatement: GenerateIf(ifStatement); break; case MemberAssignmentNode memberAssignment: GenerateMemberAssignment(memberAssignment); break; case ReturnNode @return: GenerateReturn(@return); break; case StatementExpressionNode statementExpression: GenerateExpression(statementExpression.Expression); break; case VariableAssignmentNode variableAssignment: GenerateVariableAssignment(variableAssignment); break; case VariableDeclarationNode variableDeclaration: GenerateVariableDeclaration(variableDeclaration); break; case WhileNode whileStatement: GenerateWhile(whileStatement); break; default: throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException(nameof(statement)); } } private void GenerateBlock(BlockNode block) { foreach (var statement in block.Statements.Where(_ => _codeIsReachable)) { GenerateStatement(statement); } _codeIsReachable = true; } private void GenerateBreak() { _builder.AppendLine($" jmp @{_breakLabels.Peek()}"); _codeIsReachable = false; } private void GenerateContinue() { _builder.AppendLine($" jmp @{_continueLabels.Peek()}"); _codeIsReachable = false; } private void GenerateIf(IfNode ifStatement) { var trueLabel = GenLabelName(); var falseLabel = GenLabelName(); var endLabel = GenLabelName(); var result = GenerateExpression(ifStatement.Condition); _builder.AppendLine($" jnz {result}, @{trueLabel}, @{falseLabel}"); _builder.AppendLine($"@{trueLabel}"); GenerateBlock(ifStatement.Body); _builder.AppendLine($" jmp @{endLabel}"); _builder.AppendLine($"@{falseLabel}"); if (ifStatement.Else.HasValue) { ifStatement.Else.Value.Match ( GenerateIf, GenerateBlock ); } _builder.AppendLine($"@{endLabel}"); } private void GenerateMemberAssignment(MemberAssignmentNode memberAssignment) { var structType = memberAssignment.MemberAccess.Expression.Type as NubStructType; Debug.Assert(structType != null); var structDefinition = LookupStructDefinition(structType.Namespace, structType.Name); var offset = LookupMemberOffset(structDefinition, memberAssignment.MemberAccess.Member); var item = GenerateExpression(memberAssignment.MemberAccess.Expression); var offsetName = GenVarName(); _builder.AppendLine($" %{offsetName} =l add {item}, {offset}"); var value = GenerateExpression(memberAssignment.Value); throw new NotImplementedException(); } private void GenerateReturn(ReturnNode @return) { if (@return.Value.HasValue) { var result = GenerateExpression(@return.Value.Value); _builder.AppendLine($" ret {result}"); } else { _builder.AppendLine(" ret"); } } private void GenerateVariableAssignment(VariableAssignmentNode variableAssignment) { var result = GenerateExpression(variableAssignment.Value); _builder.AppendLine($" storel {result}, {_variables[variableAssignment.Identifier.Identifier].Pointer}"); } private void GenerateVariableDeclaration(VariableDeclarationNode variableDeclaration) { var pointerName = GenVarName(); var type = variableDeclaration.ExplicitType.Value ?? variableDeclaration.Value.Value?.Type!; _builder.AppendLine($" %{pointerName} ={SQT(type)} alloc8 {QbeTypeSize(type)}"); if (variableDeclaration.Value.HasValue) { var result = GenerateExpression(variableDeclaration.Value.Value); _builder.AppendLine($" storel {result}, %{pointerName}"); } else { _builder.AppendLine($" storel 0, %{pointerName}"); } _variables[variableDeclaration.Name] = new Variable { Pointer = $"%{pointerName}", Type = type }; } private void GenerateWhile(WhileNode whileStatement) { var conditionLabel = GenLabelName(); var iterationLabel = GenLabelName(); var endLabel = GenLabelName(); _breakLabels.Push(endLabel); _continueLabels.Push(conditionLabel); _builder.AppendLine($" jmp @{conditionLabel}"); _builder.AppendLine($"@{iterationLabel}"); GenerateBlock(whileStatement.Body); _builder.AppendLine($"@{conditionLabel}"); var result = GenerateExpression(whileStatement.Condition); _builder.AppendLine($" jnz {result}, @{iterationLabel}, @{endLabel}"); _builder.AppendLine($"@{endLabel}"); _continueLabels.Pop(); _breakLabels.Pop(); } private string GenerateExpression(ExpressionNode expression) { return expression switch { AddressOfNode addressOf => GenerateAddressOf(addressOf), ArrayIndexAccessNode arrayIndex => GenerateArrayIndex(arrayIndex), ArrayInitializerNode arrayInitializer => GenerateArrayInitializer(arrayInitializer), BinaryExpressionNode binaryExpression => GenerateBinaryExpression(binaryExpression), CastNode cast => GenerateCast(cast), DereferenceNode dereference => GenerateDereference(dereference), FuncCallNode funcCallExpression => GenerateFuncCall(funcCallExpression), IdentifierNode identifier => GenerateIdentifier(identifier), LiteralNode literal => GenerateLiteral(literal), StructInitializerNode structInitializer => GenerateStructInitializer(structInitializer), UnaryExpressionNode unaryExpression => GenerateUnaryExpression(unaryExpression), MemberAccessNode memberAccess => GenerateMemberAccess(memberAccess), _ => throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException(nameof(expression)) }; } private string GenerateArrayIndex(ArrayIndexAccessNode arrayIndexAccess) { var array = GenerateExpression(arrayIndexAccess.Array); var index = GenerateExpression(arrayIndexAccess.Index); var arrayBaseType = ((NubArrayType)arrayIndexAccess.Array.Type).BaseType; var countName = GenVarName(); _builder.AppendLine($" %{countName} =l loadl {array}"); var isNegativeName = GenVarName(); _builder.AppendLine($" %{isNegativeName} =w csltl {index}, 0"); var isOobName = GenVarName(); _builder.AppendLine($" %{isOobName} =w csgel {index}, %{countName}"); var anyOobName = GenVarName(); _builder.AppendLine($" %{anyOobName} =w or %{isNegativeName}, %{isOobName}"); var oobLabel = GenLabelName(); var notOobLabel = GenLabelName(); _builder.AppendLine($" jnz %{anyOobName}, @{oobLabel}, @{notOobLabel}"); _builder.AppendLine($"@{oobLabel}"); _builder.AppendLine($" call $nub_panic(l $oob_message, l {OutOfBoundsMessage.Length})"); _builder.AppendLine($"@{notOobLabel}"); // Calculate element address var firstItemPointerName = GenVarName(); _builder.AppendLine($" %{firstItemPointerName} =l add {array}, 8"); var offsetPointerName = GenVarName(); _builder.AppendLine($" %{offsetPointerName} =l mul {index}, {QbeTypeSize(arrayBaseType)}"); var resultPointerName = GenVarName(); _builder.AppendLine($" %{resultPointerName} =l add %{firstItemPointerName}, %{offsetPointerName}"); // Load the value var outputName = GenVarName(); _builder.AppendLine($" %{outputName} ={SQT(arrayBaseType)} load{SQT(arrayBaseType)} %{resultPointerName}"); return $"%{outputName}"; } private string GenerateArrayInitializer(ArrayInitializerNode arrayInitializer) { var capacity = GenerateExpression(arrayInitializer.Capacity); var capacityInBytes = GenVarName(); _builder.AppendLine($" %{capacityInBytes} =l mul {capacity}, {QbeTypeSize(arrayInitializer.ItemType)}"); var totalArraySize = GenVarName(); _builder.AppendLine($" %{totalArraySize} =l add %{capacityInBytes}, 8"); var outputName = GenVarName(); _builder.AppendLine($" %{outputName} =l alloc8 %{totalArraySize}"); _builder.AppendLine($" storel {capacity}, %{outputName}"); var dataPtr = GenVarName(); _builder.AppendLine($" %{dataPtr} =l add %{outputName}, 8"); _builder.AppendLine($" call $nub_memset(l %{dataPtr}, w 0, l %{capacityInBytes})"); return $"%{outputName}"; } private string GenerateDereference(DereferenceNode dereference) { var result = GenerateExpression(dereference.Expression); var outputName = GenVarName(); _builder.AppendLine($" %{outputName} ={SQT(dereference.Type)} load{SQT(dereference.Type)} {result}"); return $"%{outputName}"; } private string GenerateAddressOf(AddressOfNode addressOf) { var result = GenerateExpression(addressOf.Expression); var outputName = GenVarName(); switch (addressOf.Expression.Type) { case NubPointerType: case NubStructType: case NubPrimitiveType { Kind: PrimitiveTypeKind.String }: case NubPrimitiveType { Kind: PrimitiveTypeKind.I64 }: case NubPrimitiveType { Kind: PrimitiveTypeKind.F64 }: case NubPrimitiveType { Kind: PrimitiveTypeKind.U64 }: _builder.AppendLine($" %{outputName} =l alloc8 8"); _builder.AppendLine($" storel {result}, %{outputName}"); return $"%{outputName}"; case NubPrimitiveType { Kind: PrimitiveTypeKind.I32 }: case NubPrimitiveType { Kind: PrimitiveTypeKind.U32 }: case NubPrimitiveType { Kind: PrimitiveTypeKind.I16 }: case NubPrimitiveType { Kind: PrimitiveTypeKind.U16 }: case NubPrimitiveType { Kind: PrimitiveTypeKind.I8 }: case NubPrimitiveType { Kind: PrimitiveTypeKind.U8 }: case NubPrimitiveType { Kind: PrimitiveTypeKind.F32 }: _builder.AppendLine($" %{outputName} =l alloc8 4"); _builder.AppendLine($" storew {result}, %{outputName}"); return $"%{outputName}"; default: throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException(); } } private string GenerateBinaryExpression(BinaryExpressionNode binaryExpression) { var left = GenerateExpression(binaryExpression.Left); var right = GenerateExpression(binaryExpression.Right); var outputName = GenVarName(); switch (binaryExpression.Operator) { case BinaryExpressionOperator.Equal: { if (binaryExpression.Left.Type.Equals(NubPrimitiveType.I64)) { _builder.AppendLine($" %{outputName} =w ceql {left}, {right}"); return $"%{outputName}"; } if (binaryExpression.Left.Type.Equals(NubPrimitiveType.I32)) { _builder.AppendLine($" %{outputName} =w ceqw {left}, {right}"); return $"%{outputName}"; } if (binaryExpression.Left.Type.Equals(NubPrimitiveType.String)) { _builder.AppendLine($" %{outputName} =w call $nub_strcmp(l {left}, l {right})"); return $"%{outputName}"; } if (binaryExpression.Left.Type.Equals(NubPrimitiveType.Bool)) { _builder.AppendLine($" %{outputName} =w ceqw {left}, {right}"); return $"%{outputName}"; } break; } case BinaryExpressionOperator.NotEqual: { if (binaryExpression.Left.Type.Equals(NubPrimitiveType.I64)) { _builder.AppendLine($" %{outputName} =w cnel {left}, {right}"); return $"%{outputName}"; } if (binaryExpression.Left.Type.Equals(NubPrimitiveType.I32)) { _builder.AppendLine($" %{outputName} =w cnew {left}, {right}"); return $"%{outputName}"; } if (binaryExpression.Left.Type.Equals(NubPrimitiveType.String)) { _builder.AppendLine($" %{outputName} =w call $nub_strcmp(l {left}, l {right})"); _builder.AppendLine($" %{outputName} =w xor %{outputName}, 1"); return $"%{outputName}"; } if (binaryExpression.Left.Type.Equals(NubPrimitiveType.Bool)) { _builder.AppendLine($" %{outputName} =w cnew {left}, {right}"); return $"%{outputName}"; } break; } case BinaryExpressionOperator.GreaterThan: { if (binaryExpression.Left.Type.Equals(NubPrimitiveType.I64)) { _builder.AppendLine($" %{outputName} =w csgtl {left}, {right}"); return $"%{outputName}"; } if (binaryExpression.Left.Type.Equals(NubPrimitiveType.I32)) { _builder.AppendLine($" %{outputName} =w csgtw {left}, {right}"); return $"%{outputName}"; } if (binaryExpression.Left.Type.Equals(NubPrimitiveType.Bool)) { _builder.AppendLine($" %{outputName} =w csgtw {left}, {right}"); return $"%{outputName}"; } break; } case BinaryExpressionOperator.GreaterThanOrEqual: { if (binaryExpression.Left.Type.Equals(NubPrimitiveType.I64)) { _builder.AppendLine($" %{outputName} =w csgel {left}, {right}"); return $"%{outputName}"; } if (binaryExpression.Left.Type.Equals(NubPrimitiveType.I32)) { _builder.AppendLine($" %{outputName} =w csgew {left}, {right}"); return $"%{outputName}"; } if (binaryExpression.Left.Type.Equals(NubPrimitiveType.Bool)) { _builder.AppendLine($" %{outputName} =w csgew {left}, {right}"); return $"%{outputName}"; } break; } case BinaryExpressionOperator.LessThan: { if (binaryExpression.Left.Type.Equals(NubPrimitiveType.I64)) { _builder.AppendLine($" %{outputName} =w csltl {left}, {right}"); return $"%{outputName}"; } if (binaryExpression.Left.Type.Equals(NubPrimitiveType.I32)) { _builder.AppendLine($" %{outputName} =w csltw {left}, {right}"); return $"%{outputName}"; } if (binaryExpression.Left.Type.Equals(NubPrimitiveType.Bool)) { _builder.AppendLine($" %{outputName} =w csltw {left}, {right}"); return $"%{outputName}"; } break; } case BinaryExpressionOperator.LessThanOrEqual: { if (binaryExpression.Left.Type.Equals(NubPrimitiveType.I64)) { _builder.AppendLine($" %{outputName} =w cslel {left}, {right}"); return $"%{outputName}"; } if (binaryExpression.Left.Type.Equals(NubPrimitiveType.I32)) { _builder.AppendLine($" %{outputName} =w cslew {left}, {right}"); return $"%{outputName}"; } if (binaryExpression.Left.Type.Equals(NubPrimitiveType.Bool)) { _builder.AppendLine($" %{outputName} =w cslew {left}, {right}"); return $"%{outputName}"; } break; } case BinaryExpressionOperator.Plus: { if (binaryExpression.Left.Type.Equals(NubPrimitiveType.I64)) { _builder.AppendLine($" %{outputName} =l add {left}, {right}"); return $"%{outputName}"; } if (binaryExpression.Left.Type.Equals(NubPrimitiveType.I32)) { _builder.AppendLine($" %{outputName} =w add {left}, {right}"); return $"%{outputName}"; } break; } case BinaryExpressionOperator.Minus: { if (binaryExpression.Left.Type.Equals(NubPrimitiveType.I64)) { _builder.AppendLine($" %{outputName} =l sub {left}, {right}"); return $"%{outputName}"; } if (binaryExpression.Left.Type.Equals(NubPrimitiveType.I32)) { _builder.AppendLine($" %{outputName} =w sub {left}, {right}"); return $"%{outputName}"; } break; } case BinaryExpressionOperator.Multiply: { if (binaryExpression.Left.Type.Equals(NubPrimitiveType.I64)) { _builder.AppendLine($" %{outputName} =l mul {left}, {right}"); return $"%{outputName}"; } if (binaryExpression.Left.Type.Equals(NubPrimitiveType.I32)) { _builder.AppendLine($" %{outputName} =w mul {left}, {right}"); return $"%{outputName}"; } break; } case BinaryExpressionOperator.Divide: { if (binaryExpression.Left.Type.Equals(NubPrimitiveType.I64)) { _builder.AppendLine($" %{outputName} =l div {left}, {right}"); return $"%{outputName}"; } if (binaryExpression.Left.Type.Equals(NubPrimitiveType.I32)) { _builder.AppendLine($" %{outputName} =w div {left}, {right}"); return $"%{outputName}"; } break; } default: { throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException(); } } throw new NotSupportedException($"Binary operator {binaryExpression.Operator} for types {binaryExpression.Left.Type} and {binaryExpression.Right.Type} not supported"); } private string GenerateCast(CastNode cast) { var input = GenerateExpression(cast.Expression); var outputType = cast.TargetType; var inputType = cast.Expression.Type; if (inputType.Equals(outputType)) { return input; } if (outputType is not NubPrimitiveType primitiveOutputType || inputType is not NubPrimitiveType primitiveInputType) { throw new NotSupportedException("Casting is only supported for primitive types"); } var outputName = GenVarName(); switch (primitiveInputType.Kind) { case PrimitiveTypeKind.I64: switch (primitiveOutputType.Kind) { case PrimitiveTypeKind.I64: case PrimitiveTypeKind.U64: case PrimitiveTypeKind.I32: case PrimitiveTypeKind.U32: case PrimitiveTypeKind.I16: case PrimitiveTypeKind.U16: case PrimitiveTypeKind.I8: case PrimitiveTypeKind.Any: case PrimitiveTypeKind.U8: return input; case PrimitiveTypeKind.F64: _builder.AppendLine($" %{outputName} =d sltof {input}"); return $"%{outputName}"; case PrimitiveTypeKind.F32: _builder.AppendLine($" %{outputName} =s sltof {input}"); return $"%{outputName}"; case PrimitiveTypeKind.String: _builder.AppendLine($" %{outputName} =l call $nub_i64_to_string(l {input})"); return $"%{outputName}"; case PrimitiveTypeKind.Bool: default: throw new NotSupportedException($"Casting from {primitiveInputType.Kind} to {primitiveOutputType.Kind} is not supported"); } case PrimitiveTypeKind.I32: switch (primitiveOutputType.Kind) { case PrimitiveTypeKind.I64: case PrimitiveTypeKind.U64: _builder.AppendLine($" %{outputName} =l extsw {input}"); return $"%{outputName}"; case PrimitiveTypeKind.I32: case PrimitiveTypeKind.U32: case PrimitiveTypeKind.I16: case PrimitiveTypeKind.U16: case PrimitiveTypeKind.I8: case PrimitiveTypeKind.U8: return input; case PrimitiveTypeKind.F64: var extName = GenVarName(); _builder.AppendLine($" %{extName} =l extsw {input}"); _builder.AppendLine($" %{outputName} =d sltof %{extName}"); return $"%{outputName}"; case PrimitiveTypeKind.F32: _builder.AppendLine($" %{outputName} =s swtof {input}"); return $"%{outputName}"; case PrimitiveTypeKind.String: _builder.AppendLine($" %{outputName} =l call $nub_i32_to_string(w {input})"); return $"%{outputName}"; case PrimitiveTypeKind.Any: var extAnyName = GenVarName(); _builder.AppendLine($" %{extAnyName} =l extsw {input}"); return $"%{extAnyName}"; case PrimitiveTypeKind.Bool: default: throw new NotSupportedException($"Casting from {primitiveInputType.Kind} to {primitiveOutputType.Kind} is not supported"); } case PrimitiveTypeKind.I16: switch (primitiveOutputType.Kind) { case PrimitiveTypeKind.I64: case PrimitiveTypeKind.U64: _builder.AppendLine($" %{outputName} =l extsh {input}"); return $"%{outputName}"; case PrimitiveTypeKind.I32: case PrimitiveTypeKind.U32: _builder.AppendLine($" %{outputName} =w extsh {input}"); return $"%{outputName}"; case PrimitiveTypeKind.I16: case PrimitiveTypeKind.U16: case PrimitiveTypeKind.I8: case PrimitiveTypeKind.U8: return input; case PrimitiveTypeKind.F64: { var extName = GenVarName(); _builder.AppendLine($" %{extName} =l extsh {input}"); _builder.AppendLine($" %{outputName} =d sltof %{extName}"); return $"%{outputName}"; } case PrimitiveTypeKind.F32: { var extName = GenVarName(); _builder.AppendLine($" %{extName} =w extsh {input}"); _builder.AppendLine($" %{outputName} =s swtof %{extName}"); return $"%{outputName}"; } case PrimitiveTypeKind.String: { var extName = GenVarName(); _builder.AppendLine($" %{extName} =w extsh {input}"); _builder.AppendLine($" %{outputName} =l call $nub_i32_to_string(w %{extName})"); return $"%{outputName}"; } case PrimitiveTypeKind.Any: { var extName = GenVarName(); _builder.AppendLine($" %{extName} =l extsh {input}"); return $"%{extName}"; } case PrimitiveTypeKind.Bool: default: throw new NotSupportedException($"Casting from {primitiveInputType.Kind} to {primitiveOutputType.Kind} is not supported"); } case PrimitiveTypeKind.I8: switch (primitiveOutputType.Kind) { case PrimitiveTypeKind.I64: case PrimitiveTypeKind.U64: _builder.AppendLine($" %{outputName} =l extsb {input}"); return $"%{outputName}"; case PrimitiveTypeKind.I32: case PrimitiveTypeKind.U32: case PrimitiveTypeKind.I16: case PrimitiveTypeKind.U16: _builder.AppendLine($" %{outputName} =w extsb {input}"); return $"%{outputName}"; case PrimitiveTypeKind.I8: case PrimitiveTypeKind.U8: return input; case PrimitiveTypeKind.F64: { var extName = GenVarName(); _builder.AppendLine($" %{extName} =l extsb {input}"); _builder.AppendLine($" %{outputName} =d sltof %{extName}"); return $"%{outputName}"; } case PrimitiveTypeKind.F32: { var extName = GenVarName(); _builder.AppendLine($" %{extName} =w extsb {input}"); _builder.AppendLine($" %{outputName} =s swtof %{extName}"); return $"%{outputName}"; } case PrimitiveTypeKind.String: { var extName = GenVarName(); _builder.AppendLine($" %{extName} =w extsb {input}"); _builder.AppendLine($" %{outputName} =l call $nub_i32_to_string(w %{extName})"); return $"%{outputName}"; } case PrimitiveTypeKind.Any: { var extName = GenVarName(); _builder.AppendLine($" %{extName} =l extsb {input}"); return $"%{extName}"; } case PrimitiveTypeKind.Bool: default: throw new NotSupportedException($"Casting from {primitiveInputType.Kind} to {primitiveOutputType.Kind} is not supported"); } case PrimitiveTypeKind.U64: switch (primitiveOutputType.Kind) { case PrimitiveTypeKind.I64: case PrimitiveTypeKind.U64: case PrimitiveTypeKind.I32: case PrimitiveTypeKind.U32: case PrimitiveTypeKind.I16: case PrimitiveTypeKind.U16: case PrimitiveTypeKind.I8: case PrimitiveTypeKind.U8: return input; case PrimitiveTypeKind.F64: _builder.AppendLine($" %{outputName} =d ultof {input}"); return $"%{outputName}"; case PrimitiveTypeKind.F32: _builder.AppendLine($" %{outputName} =s ultof {input}"); return $"%{outputName}"; case PrimitiveTypeKind.String: _builder.AppendLine($" %{outputName} =l call $nub_u64_to_string(l {input})"); return $"%{outputName}"; case PrimitiveTypeKind.Any: return input; case PrimitiveTypeKind.Bool: default: throw new NotSupportedException($"Casting from {primitiveInputType.Kind} to {primitiveOutputType.Kind} is not supported"); } case PrimitiveTypeKind.U32: switch (primitiveOutputType.Kind) { case PrimitiveTypeKind.I64: case PrimitiveTypeKind.U64: _builder.AppendLine($" %{outputName} =l extuw {input}"); return $"%{outputName}"; case PrimitiveTypeKind.I32: case PrimitiveTypeKind.U32: case PrimitiveTypeKind.I16: case PrimitiveTypeKind.U16: case PrimitiveTypeKind.I8: case PrimitiveTypeKind.U8: return input; case PrimitiveTypeKind.F64: var extName = GenVarName(); _builder.AppendLine($" %{extName} =l extuw {input}"); _builder.AppendLine($" %{outputName} =d ultof %{extName}"); return $"%{outputName}"; case PrimitiveTypeKind.F32: _builder.AppendLine($" %{outputName} =s uwtof {input}"); return $"%{outputName}"; case PrimitiveTypeKind.String: _builder.AppendLine($" %{outputName} =l call $nub_u32_to_string(w {input})"); return $"%{outputName}"; case PrimitiveTypeKind.Any: var extAnyName = GenVarName(); _builder.AppendLine($" %{extAnyName} =l extuw {input}"); return $"%{extAnyName}"; case PrimitiveTypeKind.Bool: default: throw new NotSupportedException($"Casting from {primitiveInputType.Kind} to {primitiveOutputType.Kind} is not supported"); } case PrimitiveTypeKind.U16: switch (primitiveOutputType.Kind) { case PrimitiveTypeKind.I64: case PrimitiveTypeKind.U64: _builder.AppendLine($" %{outputName} =l extuh {input}"); return $"%{outputName}"; case PrimitiveTypeKind.I32: case PrimitiveTypeKind.U32: _builder.AppendLine($" %{outputName} =w extuh {input}"); return $"%{outputName}"; case PrimitiveTypeKind.I16: case PrimitiveTypeKind.U16: case PrimitiveTypeKind.I8: case PrimitiveTypeKind.U8: return input; case PrimitiveTypeKind.F64: { var extName = GenVarName(); _builder.AppendLine($" %{extName} =l extuh {input}"); _builder.AppendLine($" %{outputName} =d ultof %{extName}"); return $"%{outputName}"; } case PrimitiveTypeKind.F32: { var extName = GenVarName(); _builder.AppendLine($" %{extName} =w extuh {input}"); _builder.AppendLine($" %{outputName} =s uwtof %{extName}"); return $"%{outputName}"; } case PrimitiveTypeKind.String: { var extName = GenVarName(); _builder.AppendLine($" %{extName} =w extuh {input}"); _builder.AppendLine($" %{outputName} =l call $nub_u32_to_string(w %{extName})"); return $"%{outputName}"; } case PrimitiveTypeKind.Any: { var extName = GenVarName(); _builder.AppendLine($" %{extName} =l extuh {input}"); return $"%{extName}"; } case PrimitiveTypeKind.Bool: default: throw new NotSupportedException($"Casting from {primitiveInputType.Kind} to {primitiveOutputType.Kind} is not supported"); } case PrimitiveTypeKind.U8: switch (primitiveOutputType.Kind) { case PrimitiveTypeKind.I64: case PrimitiveTypeKind.U64: _builder.AppendLine($" %{outputName} =l extub {input}"); return $"%{outputName}"; case PrimitiveTypeKind.I32: case PrimitiveTypeKind.U32: case PrimitiveTypeKind.I16: case PrimitiveTypeKind.U16: _builder.AppendLine($" %{outputName} =w extub {input}"); return $"%{outputName}"; case PrimitiveTypeKind.I8: case PrimitiveTypeKind.U8: return input; case PrimitiveTypeKind.F64: { var extName = GenVarName(); _builder.AppendLine($" %{extName} =l extub {input}"); _builder.AppendLine($" %{outputName} =d ultof %{extName}"); return $"%{outputName}"; } case PrimitiveTypeKind.F32: { var extName = GenVarName(); _builder.AppendLine($" %{extName} =w extub {input}"); _builder.AppendLine($" %{outputName} =s uwtof %{extName}"); return $"%{outputName}"; } case PrimitiveTypeKind.String: { var extName = GenVarName(); _builder.AppendLine($" %{extName} =w extub {input}"); _builder.AppendLine($" %{outputName} =l call $nub_u32_to_string(w %{extName})"); return $"%{outputName}"; } case PrimitiveTypeKind.Any: { var extName = GenVarName(); _builder.AppendLine($" %{extName} =l extub {input}"); return $"%{extName}"; } case PrimitiveTypeKind.Bool: default: throw new NotSupportedException($"Casting from {primitiveInputType.Kind} to {primitiveOutputType.Kind} is not supported"); } case PrimitiveTypeKind.F64: switch (primitiveOutputType.Kind) { case PrimitiveTypeKind.F64: case PrimitiveTypeKind.Any: return input; case PrimitiveTypeKind.F32: _builder.AppendLine($" %{outputName} =s dtos {input}"); return $"%{outputName}"; case PrimitiveTypeKind.I64: _builder.AppendLine($" %{outputName} =l dtosi {input}"); return $"%{outputName}"; case PrimitiveTypeKind.I32: case PrimitiveTypeKind.I16: case PrimitiveTypeKind.I8: _builder.AppendLine($" %{outputName} =w dtosi {input}"); return $"%{outputName}"; case PrimitiveTypeKind.U64: _builder.AppendLine($" %{outputName} =l dtoui {input}"); return $"%{outputName}"; case PrimitiveTypeKind.U32: case PrimitiveTypeKind.U16: case PrimitiveTypeKind.U8: _builder.AppendLine($" %{outputName} =w dtoui {input}"); return $"%{outputName}"; case PrimitiveTypeKind.String: _builder.AppendLine($" %{outputName} =l call $nub_f64_to_string(d {input})"); return $"%{outputName}"; case PrimitiveTypeKind.Bool: default: throw new NotSupportedException($"Casting from {primitiveInputType.Kind} to {primitiveOutputType.Kind} is not supported"); } case PrimitiveTypeKind.F32: switch (primitiveOutputType.Kind) { case PrimitiveTypeKind.F64: _builder.AppendLine($" %{outputName} =d stod {input}"); return $"%{outputName}"; case PrimitiveTypeKind.F32: return input; case PrimitiveTypeKind.I64: _builder.AppendLine($" %{outputName} =l stosi {input}"); return $"%{outputName}"; case PrimitiveTypeKind.I32: case PrimitiveTypeKind.I16: case PrimitiveTypeKind.I8: _builder.AppendLine($" %{outputName} =w stosi {input}"); return $"%{outputName}"; case PrimitiveTypeKind.U64: _builder.AppendLine($" %{outputName} =l stoui {input}"); return $"%{outputName}"; case PrimitiveTypeKind.U32: case PrimitiveTypeKind.U16: case PrimitiveTypeKind.U8: _builder.AppendLine($" %{outputName} =w stoui {input}"); return $"%{outputName}"; case PrimitiveTypeKind.String: _builder.AppendLine($" %{outputName} =l call $nub_f32_to_string(s {input})"); return $"%{outputName}"; case PrimitiveTypeKind.Any: throw new NotImplementedException(); case PrimitiveTypeKind.Bool: default: throw new NotSupportedException($"Casting from {primitiveInputType.Kind} to {primitiveOutputType.Kind} is not supported"); } case PrimitiveTypeKind.Bool: switch (primitiveOutputType.Kind) { case PrimitiveTypeKind.Bool: return input; case PrimitiveTypeKind.Any: _builder.AppendLine($" %{outputName} =l extsw {input}"); return $"%{outputName}"; case PrimitiveTypeKind.String: _builder.AppendLine($" %{outputName} =l call $nub_bool_to_string(s {input})"); return $"%{outputName}"; case PrimitiveTypeKind.I64: case PrimitiveTypeKind.I32: case PrimitiveTypeKind.I16: case PrimitiveTypeKind.I8: case PrimitiveTypeKind.U64: case PrimitiveTypeKind.U32: case PrimitiveTypeKind.U16: case PrimitiveTypeKind.U8: case PrimitiveTypeKind.F64: case PrimitiveTypeKind.F32: default: throw new NotSupportedException($"Casting from {primitiveInputType.Kind} to {primitiveOutputType.Kind} is not supported"); } case PrimitiveTypeKind.String: switch (primitiveOutputType.Kind) { case PrimitiveTypeKind.String: case PrimitiveTypeKind.Any: return input; case PrimitiveTypeKind.I64: case PrimitiveTypeKind.I32: case PrimitiveTypeKind.I16: case PrimitiveTypeKind.I8: case PrimitiveTypeKind.U64: case PrimitiveTypeKind.U32: case PrimitiveTypeKind.U16: case PrimitiveTypeKind.U8: case PrimitiveTypeKind.F64: case PrimitiveTypeKind.F32: case PrimitiveTypeKind.Bool: default: throw new NotSupportedException($"Casting from {primitiveInputType.Kind} to {primitiveOutputType.Kind} is not supported"); } case PrimitiveTypeKind.Any: return input; default: throw new NotSupportedException($"Casting from {primitiveInputType.Kind} to {primitiveOutputType.Kind} is not supported"); } } private string GenerateIdentifier(IdentifierNode identifier) { var variable = _variables[identifier.Identifier]; var outputName = GenVarName(); _builder.AppendLine($" %{outputName} ={SQT(identifier.Type)} load{SQT(identifier.Type)} {variable.Pointer}"); return $"%{outputName}"; } private string GenerateLiteral(LiteralNode literal) { if (literal.LiteralType.Equals(NubPrimitiveType.String)) { _strings.Add(literal.Literal); return $"$str{_strings.Count}"; } if (literal.LiteralType.Equals(NubPrimitiveType.I64)) { return literal.Literal; } if (literal.LiteralType.Equals(NubPrimitiveType.F64)) { var value = double.Parse(literal.Literal, CultureInfo.InvariantCulture); var bits = BitConverter.DoubleToInt64Bits(value); return bits.ToString(); } if (literal.LiteralType.Equals(NubPrimitiveType.Bool)) { return bool.Parse(literal.Literal) ? "1" : "0"; } throw new NotSupportedException($"Literal {literal.LiteralType} is not supported"); } private string GenerateStructInitializer(StructInitializerNode structInitializer) { var structDefinition = LookupStructDefinition(structInitializer.StructType.Namespace, structInitializer.StructType.Name); var structVar = GenVarName(); var size = structDefinition.Fields.Sum(x => QbeTypeSize(x.Type)); _builder.AppendLine($" %{structVar} =l alloc8 {size}"); foreach (var field in structDefinition.Fields) { var offset = LookupMemberOffset(structDefinition, field.Name); if (structInitializer.Initializers.TryGetValue(field.Name, out var fieldValue)) { var var = GenerateExpression(fieldValue); var offsetName = GenVarName(); _builder.AppendLine($" %{offsetName} =l add %{structVar}, {offset}"); if (IsLargeType(field.Type)) { _builder.AppendLine($" blit {var}, %{offsetName}, {QbeTypeSize(field.Type)}"); } else { _builder.AppendLine($" store{SQT(field.Type)} {var}, %{offsetName}"); } } else if (field.Value.HasValue) { var var = GenerateExpression(field.Value.Value); var offsetName = GenVarName(); _builder.AppendLine($" %{offsetName} =l add %{structVar}, {offset}"); if (IsLargeType(field.Type)) { _builder.AppendLine($" blit {var}, %{offsetName}, {QbeTypeSize(field.Type)}"); } else { _builder.AppendLine($" store{SQT(field.Type)} {var}, %{offsetName}"); } } else { Debug.Assert(false); } } return $"%{structVar}"; } private string GenerateUnaryExpression(UnaryExpressionNode unaryExpression) { var operand = GenerateExpression(unaryExpression.Operand); var outputName = GenVarName(); switch (unaryExpression.Operator) { case UnaryExpressionOperator.Negate: { switch (unaryExpression.Operand.Type) { case NubPrimitiveType { Kind: PrimitiveTypeKind.I64 }: _builder.AppendLine($" %{outputName} =l neg {operand}"); return $"%{outputName}"; case NubPrimitiveType { Kind: PrimitiveTypeKind.I32 or PrimitiveTypeKind.I16 or PrimitiveTypeKind.I8 }: _builder.AppendLine($" %{outputName} =w neg {operand}"); return $"%{outputName}"; case NubPrimitiveType { Kind: PrimitiveTypeKind.F64 }: _builder.AppendLine($" %{outputName} =d neg {operand}"); return $"%{outputName}"; case NubPrimitiveType { Kind: PrimitiveTypeKind.F32 }: _builder.AppendLine($" %{outputName} =s neg {operand}"); return $"%{outputName}"; } break; } case UnaryExpressionOperator.Invert: { switch (unaryExpression.Operand.Type) { case NubPrimitiveType { Kind: PrimitiveTypeKind.Bool }: _builder.AppendLine($" %{outputName} =w xor {operand}, 1"); return $"%{outputName}"; } break; } default: { throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException(); } } throw new NotSupportedException($"Unary operator {unaryExpression.Operator} for type {unaryExpression.Operand.Type} not supported"); } private string GenerateMemberAccess(MemberAccessNode memberAccess) { var item = GenerateExpression(memberAccess.Expression); switch (memberAccess.Expression.Type) { case NubArrayType: { if (memberAccess.Member == "count") { var outputName = GenVarName(); _builder.AppendLine($" %{outputName} =l loadl {item}"); return $"%{outputName}"; } throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException(nameof(memberAccess.Member)); } case NubStructType structType: { var structDefinition = LookupStructDefinition(structType.Namespace, structType.Name); var offset = LookupMemberOffset(structDefinition, memberAccess.Member); var offsetName = GenVarName(); _builder.AppendLine($" %{offsetName} =l add {item}, {offset}"); if (IsLargeType(memberAccess.Type)) { return $"%{offsetName}"; } else { var outputName = GenVarName(); _builder.AppendLine($" %{outputName} ={SQT(memberAccess.Type)} load{SQT(memberAccess.Type)} %{offsetName}"); return $"%{outputName}"; } } default: { throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException(nameof(memberAccess.Expression.Type)); } } } private string GenerateFuncCall(FuncCallNode funcCall) { var outputName = GenVarName(); var funcDefinition = LookupFuncSignature(funcCall.Namespace, funcCall.Name, funcCall.Parameters.Select(p => p.Type).ToList()); if (funcDefinition == null) { throw new Exception($"Unknown function {funcCall}"); } var parameterStrings = new List(); for (var i = 0; i < funcCall.Parameters.Count; i++) { if (i < funcDefinition.Parameters.Count && funcDefinition.Parameters[i].Variadic) { parameterStrings.Add("..."); } NubType expectedType; if (i < funcDefinition.Parameters.Count) { expectedType = funcDefinition.Parameters[i].Type; } else if (funcDefinition.Parameters[^1].Variadic) { expectedType = funcDefinition.Parameters[^1].Type; } else { throw new Exception($"Parameters for func {funcCall} does not not match"); } var parameter = funcCall.Parameters[i]; var result = GenerateExpression(parameter); var qbeParameterType = SQT(expectedType.Equals(NubPrimitiveType.Any) ? parameter.Type : expectedType); parameterStrings.Add($"{qbeParameterType} {result}"); } var funcName = _funcNames[funcDefinition]; var call = $"call ${funcName}({string.Join(", ", parameterStrings)})"; _builder.AppendLine($" %{outputName} ={SQT(funcCall.Type)} {call}"); return $"%{outputName}"; } private string GenVarName() { return $"v{++_variableIndex}"; } private string GenFuncName() { return $"f{++_funcIndex}"; } private string GenLabelName() { return $"l{++_labelIndex}"; } private IFuncSignature LookupFuncSignature(string @namespace, string name, List parameters) { return _sourceFiles .Where(f => f.Namespace == @namespace) .SelectMany(f => f.Definitions) .OfType() .Single(f => f.SignatureMatches(name, parameters)); } private StructDefinitionNode LookupStructDefinition(string @namespace, string name) { return _sourceFiles .Where(f => f.Namespace == @namespace) .SelectMany(f => f.Definitions) .OfType() .Single(s => s.Name == name); } private int LookupMemberOffset(StructDefinitionNode structDefinition, string member) { return structDefinition.Fields.TakeWhile(f => f.Name != member).Sum(f => QbeTypeSize(f.Type)); } private class Variable { public required string Pointer { get; init; } public required NubType Type { get; init; } } }