using System.Diagnostics; using System.Globalization; using System.Text; using NubLang.Tokenization; using NubLang.TypeChecking; using NubLang.TypeChecking.Node; namespace NubLang.Generation.QBE; public class QBEGenerator { private readonly QBEWriter _writer; private readonly TypedModule _module; private readonly IReadOnlyDictionary _moduleSignatures; private readonly List _cStringLiterals = []; private readonly List _stringLiterals = []; private readonly Stack _breakLabels = []; private readonly Stack _continueLabels = []; private int _tmpIndex; private int _labelIndex; private int _cStringLiteralIndex; private int _stringLiteralIndex; private bool _codeIsReachable = true; public QBEGenerator(TypedModule module, IReadOnlyDictionary moduleSignatures) { _module = module; _moduleSignatures = moduleSignatures; _writer = new QBEWriter(); } public string Emit() { _cStringLiterals.Clear(); _stringLiterals.Clear(); _breakLabels.Clear(); _continueLabels.Clear(); _tmpIndex = 0; _labelIndex = 0; _cStringLiteralIndex = 0; _stringLiteralIndex = 0; _codeIsReachable = true; foreach (var (module, signature) in _moduleSignatures) { foreach (var structType in signature.StructTypes) { EmitStructType(module, structType); _writer.NewLine(); } } foreach (var structDef in _module.Definitions.OfType()) { EmitStructDefinition(structDef); _writer.NewLine(); } foreach (var funcDef in _module.Definitions.OfType()) { EmitFuncDefinition(funcDef); _writer.NewLine(); } // foreach (var structDef in _module.Definitions.OfType().Where(x => x.InterfaceImplementations.Count > 0)) // { // _writer.Write($"data {StructVtableName(_module.Name, structDef.Name)} = {{ "); // // foreach (var interfaceImplementation in structDef.InterfaceImplementations) // { // var interfaceDef = _definitionTable.LookupInterface(interfaceImplementation.Name); // foreach (var func in interfaceDef.Functions) // { // _writer.Write($"l {StructFuncName(_module.Name, structDef.Name, func.Name)}, "); // } // } // // _writer.WriteLine("}"); // } foreach (var cStringLiteral in _cStringLiterals) { _writer.WriteLine($"data {cStringLiteral.Name} = {{ b \"{cStringLiteral.Value}\", b 0 }}"); } foreach (var stringLiteral in _stringLiterals) { var bytes = Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes(stringLiteral.Value).Select(b => $"b {b}"); _writer.WriteLine($"data {stringLiteral.Name} = {{ l {stringLiteral.Value.Length}, {string.Join(", ", bytes)} }}"); } return _writer.ToString(); } private static string QBEAssign(TypeNode type) { if (type.IsSimpleType(out var simpleType, out _)) { return simpleType.StorageSize switch { StorageSize.I8 or StorageSize.U8 or StorageSize.I16 or StorageSize.U16 or StorageSize.I32 or StorageSize.U32 => "=w", StorageSize.I64 or StorageSize.U64 => "=l", StorageSize.F32 => "=s", StorageSize.F64 => "=d", _ => throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException(nameof(simpleType.StorageSize)) }; } return "=l"; } private void EmitStore(TypeNode type, string value, string destination) { string store; if (type.IsSimpleType(out var simpleType, out _)) { store = simpleType.StorageSize switch { StorageSize.I8 or StorageSize.U8 => "storeb", StorageSize.I16 or StorageSize.U16 => "storeh", StorageSize.I32 or StorageSize.U32 => "storew", StorageSize.I64 or StorageSize.U64 => "storel", StorageSize.F32 => "stores", StorageSize.F64 => "stored", _ => throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException(nameof(simpleType.StorageSize)) }; } else { store = "storel"; } _writer.Indented($"{store} {value}, {destination}"); } private string EmitLoad(TypeNode type, string from) { string load; if (type.IsSimpleType(out var simpleType, out _)) { load = simpleType.StorageSize switch { StorageSize.I64 or StorageSize.U64 => "loadl", StorageSize.I32 or StorageSize.U32 => "loadw", StorageSize.I16 => "loadsh", StorageSize.I8 => "loadsb", StorageSize.U16 => "loaduh", StorageSize.U8 => "loadub", StorageSize.F64 => "loadd", StorageSize.F32 => "loads", _ => throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException(nameof(simpleType.StorageSize)) }; } else { load = "loadl"; } var into = TmpName(); _writer.Indented($"{into} {QBEAssign(type)} {load} {from}"); return into; } private void EmitMemset(string destination, int value, string length) { var count = TmpName(); _writer.Indented($"{count} =l copy 0"); var loopLabel = LabelName(); _writer.WriteLine(loopLabel); var continueLabel = LabelName(); var doneLabel = LabelName(); var condition = TmpName(); _writer.Indented($"{condition} =w cultl {count}, {length}"); _writer.Indented($"jnz {condition}, {continueLabel}, {doneLabel}"); _writer.WriteLine(continueLabel); var destinationAddress = TmpName(); _writer.Indented($"{destinationAddress} =l add {destination}, {count}"); _writer.Indented($"storeb {value}, {destinationAddress}"); _writer.Indented($"{count} =l add {count}, 1"); _writer.Indented($"jmp {loopLabel}"); _writer.WriteLine(doneLabel); } private void EmitMemcpy(string source, string destination, string length) { var count = TmpName(); _writer.Indented($"{count} =l copy 0"); var loopLabel = LabelName(); _writer.WriteLine(loopLabel); var continueLabel = LabelName(); var doneLabel = LabelName(); var condition = TmpName(); _writer.Indented($"{condition} =w cultl {count}, {length}"); _writer.Indented($"jnz {condition}, {continueLabel}, {doneLabel}"); _writer.WriteLine(continueLabel); var sourceAddress = TmpName(); _writer.Indented($"{sourceAddress} =l add {source}, {count}"); var destinationAddress = TmpName(); _writer.Indented($"{destinationAddress} =l add {destination}, {count}"); var value = TmpName(); _writer.Indented($"{value} =w loadub {sourceAddress}"); _writer.Indented($"storeb {value}, {destinationAddress}"); _writer.Indented($"{count} =l add {count}, 1"); _writer.Indented($"jmp {loopLabel}"); _writer.WriteLine(doneLabel); } private string EmitArraySizeInBytes(ArrayTypeNode type, string array) { var size = TmpName(); _writer.Indented($"{size} =l loadl {array}"); _writer.Indented($"{size} =l mul {size}, {SizeOf(type.ElementType)}"); _writer.Indented($"{size} =l add {size}, 8"); return size; } private string EmitCStringSizeInBytes(string cstring) { var count = TmpName(); _writer.Indented($"{count} =l copy 0"); var loopLabel = LabelName(); _writer.WriteLine(loopLabel); var address = TmpName(); _writer.Indented($"{address} =l add {cstring}, {count}"); var value = TmpName(); _writer.Indented($"{value} =w loadub {address}"); var notZeroLabel = LabelName(); var zeroLabel = LabelName(); _writer.Indented($"jnz {value}, {notZeroLabel}, {zeroLabel}"); _writer.WriteLine(notZeroLabel); _writer.Indented($"{count} =l add {count}, 1"); _writer.Indented($"jmp {loopLabel}"); _writer.WriteLine(zeroLabel); return count; } private string EmitStringSizeInBytes(string nubstring) { var size = TmpName(); _writer.Indented($"{size} =l loadl {nubstring}"); _writer.Indented($"{size} =l add {size}, 8"); return size; } private void EmitCopyInto(ExpressionNode source, string destination) { // Simple types are passed in registers and can therefore just be stored if (source.Type.IsSimpleType(out var simpleType, out var complexType)) { var value = EmitExpression(source); EmitStore(simpleType, value, destination); return; } // Structs and interfaces has known sizes at compile time if (complexType is StructTypeNode or InterfaceTypeNode) { var value = EmitExpression(source); _writer.Indented($"blit {value}, {destination}, {SizeOf(complexType)}"); } // The rest of the complex types has unknown sizes else { var value = EmitExpression(source); var size = complexType switch { ArrayTypeNode arrayType => EmitArraySizeInBytes(arrayType, value), CStringTypeNode => EmitCStringSizeInBytes(value), StringTypeNode => EmitStringSizeInBytes(value), _ => throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException(nameof(source.Type)) }; var buffer = TmpName(); _writer.Indented($"{buffer} =l alloc8 {size}"); EmitMemcpy(value, buffer, size); EmitStore(complexType, buffer, destination); } } private string EmitCopy(ExpressionNode source) { // Allowlist for types which are safe to not copy if (source is ArrayInitializerNode or StructInitializerNode or ConvertToInterfaceNode or LiteralNode) { return EmitExpression(source); } // Simple types are passed in registers and therefore always copied if (source.Type.IsSimpleType(out _, out var complexType)) { return EmitExpression(source); } // For the rest, we figure out the size of the type and shallow copy them var value = EmitExpression(source); var destination = TmpName(); // Structs and interfaces has known sizes at compile time if (complexType is StructTypeNode or InterfaceTypeNode) { var size = SizeOf(complexType); _writer.Indented($"{destination} =l alloc8 {size}"); _writer.Indented($"blit {value}, {destination}, {size}"); } // The rest of the complex types has unknown sizes else { var size = complexType switch { ArrayTypeNode arrayType => EmitArraySizeInBytes(arrayType, value), CStringTypeNode => EmitCStringSizeInBytes(value), StringTypeNode => EmitStringSizeInBytes(value), _ => throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException(nameof(source.Type)) }; _writer.Indented($"{destination} =l alloc8 {size}"); EmitMemcpy(value, destination, size); } return destination; } // Utility to create QBE type names for function parameters and return types private string FuncQBETypeName(TypeNode type) { if (type.IsSimpleType(out var simpleType, out var complexType)) { return simpleType.StorageSize switch { StorageSize.I64 or StorageSize.U64 => "l", StorageSize.I32 or StorageSize.U32 => "w", StorageSize.I16 => "sh", StorageSize.I8 => "sb", StorageSize.U16 => "uh", StorageSize.U8 => "ub", StorageSize.F64 => "d", StorageSize.F32 => "s", _ => throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException() }; } if (complexType is StructTypeNode structType) { return StructTypeName(structType.Module, structType.Name); } return "l"; } private void EmitFuncDefinition(FuncNode funcDef) { if (funcDef.Body == null) return; _labelIndex = 0; _tmpIndex = 0; _writer.Write("export function "); if (funcDef.Signature.ReturnType is not VoidTypeNode) { _writer.Write(FuncQBETypeName(funcDef.Signature.ReturnType) + ' '); } _writer.Write(FuncName(_module.Name, funcDef.Name)); _writer.Write("("); foreach (var parameter in funcDef.Signature.Parameters) { _writer.Write(FuncQBETypeName(parameter.Type) + $" %{parameter.Name}"); } _writer.WriteLine(") {"); _writer.WriteLine("@start"); EmitBlock(funcDef.Body); // Implicit return for void functions if no explicit return has been set if (funcDef.Signature.ReturnType is VoidTypeNode && funcDef.Body.Statements.LastOrDefault() is not ReturnNode) { _writer.Indented("ret"); } _writer.WriteLine("}"); } private void EmitStructDefinition(StructNode structDef) { var type = TypeResolver.ResolveStructType(_module.Name, structDef.Name, _moduleSignatures); // _writer.WriteLine($"export function {StructCtorName(_module.Name, structDef.Name)}() {{"); // _writer.WriteLine("@start"); // _writer.Indented($"%struct =l alloc8 {SizeOf(type)}"); // // todo(nub31): Finish constructor // _writer.Indented("ret %struct"); // _writer.WriteLine("}"); foreach (var function in structDef.Functions) { _labelIndex = 0; _tmpIndex = 0; _writer.NewLine(); _writer.Write("export function "); if (function.Signature.ReturnType is not VoidTypeNode) { _writer.Write(FuncQBETypeName(function.Signature.ReturnType) + ' '); } _writer.Write(StructFuncName(_module.Name, structDef.Name, function.Name)); _writer.Write("(l %this, "); foreach (var parameter in function.Signature.Parameters) { _writer.Write(FuncQBETypeName(parameter.Type) + $" %{parameter.Name}, "); } _writer.WriteLine(") {"); _writer.WriteLine("@start"); EmitBlock(function.Body); // Implicit return for void functions if no explicit return has been set if (function.Signature.ReturnType is VoidTypeNode && function.Body.Statements.LastOrDefault() is not ReturnNode) { _writer.Indented("ret"); } _writer.WriteLine("}"); } } private void EmitStructType(string module, StructTypeNode structType) { _writer.WriteLine($"type {StructTypeName(module, structType.Name)} = {{ "); foreach (var field in structType.Fields) { _writer.Indented($"{StructDefQBEType(field.Type)},"); } _writer.WriteLine("}"); return; string StructDefQBEType(TypeNode type) { if (type.IsSimpleType(out var simpleType, out var complexType)) { return simpleType.StorageSize switch { StorageSize.I64 or StorageSize.U64 => "l", StorageSize.I32 or StorageSize.U32 => "w", StorageSize.I16 or StorageSize.U16 => "h", StorageSize.I8 or StorageSize.U8 => "b", StorageSize.F64 => "d", StorageSize.F32 => "s", _ => throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException() }; } if (complexType is StructTypeNode childStructType) { return StructTypeName(childStructType.Module, childStructType.Name); } return "l"; } } private void EmitBlock(BlockNode block) { foreach (var statement in block.Statements) { if (_codeIsReachable) { EmitStatement(statement); } } _codeIsReachable = true; } private void EmitStatement(StatementNode statement) { // var tokens = statement.Tokens.ToArray(); // if (tokens.Length != 0) // { // _writer.WriteLine($"dbgloc {tokens[0].FileSpan.Span.Start.Line}"); // } switch (statement) { case AssignmentNode assignment: EmitAssignment(assignment); break; case BreakNode: EmitBreak(); break; case ContinueNode: EmitContinue(); break; case IfNode ifStatement: EmitIf(ifStatement); break; case ReturnNode @return: EmitReturn(@return); break; case StatementExpressionNode statementExpression: EmitExpression(statementExpression.Expression); break; case VariableDeclarationNode variableDeclaration: EmitVariableDeclaration(variableDeclaration); break; case WhileNode whileStatement: EmitWhile(whileStatement); break; default: throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException(nameof(statement)); } } private void EmitAssignment(AssignmentNode assignment) { EmitCopyInto(assignment.Value, EmitAddressOfLValue(assignment.Target)); } private void EmitBreak() { _writer.Indented($"jmp {_breakLabels.Peek()}"); _codeIsReachable = false; } private void EmitContinue() { _writer.Indented($"jmp {_continueLabels.Peek()}"); _codeIsReachable = false; } private void EmitIf(IfNode ifStatement) { var trueLabel = LabelName(); var falseLabel = LabelName(); var endLabel = LabelName(); var result = EmitExpression(ifStatement.Condition); _writer.Indented($"jnz {result}, {trueLabel}, {falseLabel}"); _writer.WriteLine(trueLabel); EmitBlock(ifStatement.Body); _writer.Indented($"jmp {endLabel}"); _writer.WriteLine(falseLabel); if (ifStatement.Else.HasValue) { ifStatement.Else.Value.Match(EmitIf, EmitBlock); } _writer.WriteLine(endLabel); } private void EmitReturn(ReturnNode @return) { if (@return.Value.HasValue) { var result = EmitExpression(@return.Value.Value); _writer.Indented($"ret {result}"); } else { _writer.Indented("ret"); } } private void EmitVariableDeclaration(VariableDeclarationNode variableDeclaration) { var name = $"%{variableDeclaration.Name}"; _writer.Indented($"{name} =l alloc8 {SizeOf(variableDeclaration.Type)}"); if (variableDeclaration.Assignment.HasValue) { EmitCopyInto(variableDeclaration.Assignment.Value, name); } } private void EmitWhile(WhileNode whileStatement) { var conditionLabel = LabelName(); var iterationLabel = LabelName(); var endLabel = LabelName(); _breakLabels.Push(endLabel); _continueLabels.Push(conditionLabel); _writer.Indented($"jmp {conditionLabel}"); _writer.WriteLine(iterationLabel); EmitBlock(whileStatement.Body); _writer.WriteLine(conditionLabel); var result = EmitExpression(whileStatement.Condition); _writer.Indented($"jnz {result}, {iterationLabel}, {endLabel}"); _writer.WriteLine(endLabel); _continueLabels.Pop(); _breakLabels.Pop(); } private string EmitExpression(ExpressionNode expression) { // var tokens = expression.Tokens.ToArray(); // if (tokens.Length != 0) // { // _writer.WriteLine($"dbgloc {tokens[0].FileSpan.Span.Start.Line}"); // } return expression switch { ArrayInitializerNode arrayInitializer => EmitArrayInitializer(arrayInitializer), StructInitializerNode structInitializer => EmitStructInitializer(structInitializer), AddressOfNode addressOf => EmitAddressOf(addressOf), DereferenceNode dereference => EmitDereference(dereference), BinaryExpressionNode binary => EmitBinaryExpression(binary), FuncCallNode funcCall => EmitFuncCall(funcCall), InterfaceFuncCallNode interfaceFuncCall => EmitInterfaceFuncCall(interfaceFuncCall), ConvertToInterfaceNode convertToInterface => EmitConvertToInterface(convertToInterface), ConvertIntNode convertInt => EmitConvertInt(convertInt), ConvertFloatNode convertFloat => EmitConvertFloat(convertFloat), VariableIdentifierNode identifier => EmitVariableIdentifier(identifier), FuncIdentifierNode funcIdentifier => EmitFuncIdentifier(funcIdentifier), FuncParameterIdentifierNode funcParameterIdentifier => EmitParameterFuncIdentifier(funcParameterIdentifier), LiteralNode literal => EmitLiteral(literal), UnaryExpressionNode unaryExpression => EmitUnaryExpression(unaryExpression), StructFieldAccessNode structFieldAccess => EmitStructFieldAccess(structFieldAccess), StructFuncCallNode structFuncCall => EmitStructFuncCall(structFuncCall), ArrayIndexAccessNode arrayIndex => EmitArrayIndexAccess(arrayIndex), _ => throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException(nameof(expression)) }; } private string EmitFuncIdentifier(FuncIdentifierNode funcIdent) { // todo(nub31): Support for extern funcs return FuncName(funcIdent.Module, funcIdent.Name); } private string EmitVariableIdentifier(VariableIdentifierNode variableIdent) { var address = EmitAddressOfVariableIdent(variableIdent); return variableIdent.Type.IsSimpleType(out _, out _) ? EmitLoad(variableIdent.Type, address) : address; } private string EmitParameterFuncIdentifier(FuncParameterIdentifierNode funcParameterIdent) { return "%" + funcParameterIdent.Name; } private string EmitArrayIndexAccess(ArrayIndexAccessNode arrayIndexAccess) { // var address = EmitAddressOfArrayIndexAccess(arrayIndexAccess); // if (arrayIndexAccess.Type is StructTypeNode) // { // return address; // } // // return EmitLoad(arrayIndexAccess.Type, address); throw new NotImplementedException(); } private string EmitArrayInitializer(ArrayInitializerNode arrayInitializer) { var capacity = EmitExpression(arrayInitializer.Capacity); var elementSize = SizeOf(arrayInitializer.ElementType); var capacityInBytes = TmpName(); _writer.Indented($"{capacityInBytes} =l mul {capacity}, {elementSize}"); var totalSize = TmpName(); _writer.Indented($"{totalSize} =l add {capacityInBytes}, 8"); var arrayPointer = TmpName(); _writer.Indented($"{arrayPointer} =l alloc8 {totalSize}"); _writer.Indented($"storel {capacity}, {arrayPointer}"); var dataPointer = TmpName(); _writer.Indented($"{dataPointer} =l add {arrayPointer}, 8"); EmitMemset(dataPointer, 0, capacityInBytes); return arrayPointer; } private string EmitDereference(DereferenceNode dereference) { var address = EmitExpression(dereference.Expression); if (dereference.Type is StructTypeNode) { return address; } return EmitLoad(dereference.Type, address); } private string EmitAddressOf(AddressOfNode addressOf) { return EmitAddressOfLValue(addressOf.LValue); } private string EmitAddressOfLValue(LValueExpressionNode addressOf) { return addressOf switch { ArrayIndexAccessNode arrayIndexAccess => EmitAddressOfArrayIndexAccess(arrayIndexAccess), StructFieldAccessNode structFieldAccess => EmitAddressOfStructFieldAccess(structFieldAccess), VariableIdentifierNode variableIdent => EmitAddressOfVariableIdent(variableIdent), _ => throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException(nameof(addressOf)) }; } private string EmitAddressOfArrayIndexAccess(ArrayIndexAccessNode arrayIndexAccess) { var array = EmitExpression(arrayIndexAccess.Target); var index = EmitExpression(arrayIndexAccess.Index); var elementType = ((ArrayTypeNode)arrayIndexAccess.Target.Type).ElementType; var offset = TmpName(); _writer.Indented($"{offset} =l mul {index}, {SizeOf(elementType)}"); _writer.Indented($"{offset} =l add {offset}, 8"); _writer.Indented($"{offset} =l add {array}, {offset}"); return offset; } private string EmitAddressOfStructFieldAccess(StructFieldAccessNode structFieldAccess) { var target = EmitExpression(structFieldAccess.Target); var structType = TypeResolver.ResolveStructType(structFieldAccess.StructType.Module, structFieldAccess.StructType.Name, _moduleSignatures); var offset = OffsetOf(structType, structFieldAccess.Field); var address = TmpName(); _writer.Indented($"{address} =l add {target}, {offset}"); return address; } private string EmitAddressOfVariableIdent(VariableIdentifierNode variableIdent) { return "%" + variableIdent.Name; } private string EmitBinaryExpression(BinaryExpressionNode binaryExpression) { var left = EmitExpression(binaryExpression.Left); var right = EmitExpression(binaryExpression.Right); var outputName = TmpName(); var instruction = EmitBinaryInstructionForOperator(binaryExpression.Operator, binaryExpression.Left.Type); _writer.Indented($"{outputName} {QBEAssign(binaryExpression.Left.Type)} {instruction} {left}, {right}"); return outputName; } private static string EmitBinaryInstructionForOperator(BinaryOperator op, TypeNode type) { return op switch { BinaryOperator.RightShift => type switch { IntTypeNode { Signed: true } => "sar", IntTypeNode { Signed: false } => "shr", _ => throw new NotSupportedException($"Right shift not supported for type '{type}'") }, BinaryOperator.BitwiseAnd => "and", BinaryOperator.BitwiseOr => "or", BinaryOperator.BitwiseXor => "xor", BinaryOperator.LeftShift => "shl", BinaryOperator.Divide => type switch { IntTypeNode { Signed: true } => "div", IntTypeNode { Signed: false } => "udiv", FloatTypeNode => "div", _ => throw new NotSupportedException($"Division not supported for type '{type}'") }, BinaryOperator.Modulo => type switch { IntTypeNode { Signed: true } => "rem", IntTypeNode { Signed: false } => "urem", _ => throw new NotSupportedException($"Modulo not supported for type '{type}'") }, BinaryOperator.Plus => "add", BinaryOperator.Minus => "sub", BinaryOperator.Multiply => "mul", BinaryOperator.Equal => type switch { IntTypeNode intType => intType.Width switch { <= 32 => "ceqw", 64 => "ceql", _ => throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException() }, FloatTypeNode floatType => floatType.Width switch { 32 => "ceqs", 64 => "ceqd", _ => throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException() }, _ => throw new NotSupportedException($"Equality comparison not supported for type '{type}'") }, BinaryOperator.NotEqual => type switch { IntTypeNode intType => intType.Width switch { <= 32 => "cnew", 64 => "cnel", _ => throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException() }, FloatTypeNode floatType => floatType.Width switch { 32 => "cnes", 64 => "cned", _ => throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException() }, _ => throw new NotSupportedException($"Inequality comparison not supported for type '{type}'") }, BinaryOperator.LessThan => type switch { IntTypeNode { Signed: true } intType => intType.Width switch { <= 32 => "csltw", 64 => "csltl", _ => throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException() }, IntTypeNode { Signed: false } intType => intType.Width switch { <= 32 => "cultw", 64 => "cultl", _ => throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException() }, FloatTypeNode floatType => floatType.Width switch { 32 => "clts", 64 => "cltd", _ => throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException() }, _ => throw new NotSupportedException($"Less than comparison not supported for type '{type}'") }, BinaryOperator.LessThanOrEqual => type switch { IntTypeNode { Signed: true } intType => intType.Width switch { <= 32 => "cslew", 64 => "cslel", _ => throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException() }, IntTypeNode { Signed: false } intType => intType.Width switch { <= 32 => "culew", 64 => "culel", _ => throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException() }, FloatTypeNode floatType => floatType.Width switch { 32 => "cles", 64 => "cled", _ => throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException() }, _ => throw new NotSupportedException($"Less than or equal comparison not supported for type '{type}'") }, BinaryOperator.GreaterThan => type switch { IntTypeNode { Signed: true } intType => intType.Width switch { <= 32 => "csgtw", 64 => "csgtl", _ => throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException() }, IntTypeNode { Signed: false } intType => intType.Width switch { <= 32 => "cugtw", 64 => "cugtl", _ => throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException() }, FloatTypeNode floatType => floatType.Width switch { 32 => "cgts", 64 => "cgtd", _ => throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException() }, _ => throw new NotSupportedException($"Greater than comparison not supported for type '{type}'") }, BinaryOperator.GreaterThanOrEqual => type switch { IntTypeNode { Signed: true } intType => intType.Width switch { <= 32 => "csgew", 64 => "csgel", _ => throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException() }, IntTypeNode { Signed: false } intType => intType.Width switch { <= 32 => "cugew", 64 => "cugel", _ => throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException() }, FloatTypeNode floatType => floatType.Width switch { 32 => "cges", 64 => "cged", _ => throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException() }, _ => throw new NotSupportedException($"Greater than or equal comparison not supported for type '{type}'") }, // todo(nub31): Implement short circuiting BinaryOperator.LogicalAnd => "and", BinaryOperator.LogicalOr => "or", _ => throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException(nameof(op)) }; } private string EmitLiteral(LiteralNode literal) { switch (literal.Kind) { case LiteralKind.Integer: { if (literal.Type is FloatTypeNode { Width: 32 }) { var value = float.Parse(literal.Value, CultureInfo.InvariantCulture); var bits = BitConverter.SingleToInt32Bits(value); return bits.ToString(); } if (literal.Type is FloatTypeNode { Width: 64 }) { var value = double.Parse(literal.Value, CultureInfo.InvariantCulture); var bits = BitConverter.DoubleToInt64Bits(value); return bits.ToString(); } if (literal.Type is IntTypeNode) { return literal.Value; } break; } case LiteralKind.Float: { if (literal.Type is IntTypeNode) { return literal.Value.Split(".").First(); } if (literal.Type is FloatTypeNode { Width: 32 }) { var value = float.Parse(literal.Value, CultureInfo.InvariantCulture); var bits = BitConverter.SingleToInt32Bits(value); return bits.ToString(); } if (literal.Type is FloatTypeNode { Width: 64 }) { var value = double.Parse(literal.Value, CultureInfo.InvariantCulture); var bits = BitConverter.DoubleToInt64Bits(value); return bits.ToString(); } break; } case LiteralKind.String: { if (literal.Type is StringTypeNode) { var stringLiteral = new StringLiteral(literal.Value, StringName()); _stringLiterals.Add(stringLiteral); return stringLiteral.Name; } if (literal.Type is CStringTypeNode) { var cStringLiteral = new CStringLiteral(literal.Value, CStringName()); _cStringLiterals.Add(cStringLiteral); return cStringLiteral.Name; } break; } case LiteralKind.Bool: { if (literal.Type is BoolTypeNode) { return bool.Parse(literal.Value) ? "1" : "0"; } break; } } throw new NotSupportedException($"Cannot create literal of kind '{literal.Kind}' for type {literal.Type}"); } private string EmitStructInitializer(StructInitializerNode structInitializer) { var destination = TmpName(); var size = SizeOf(structInitializer.StructType); _writer.Indented($"{destination} =l alloc8 {size}"); foreach (var (field, value) in structInitializer.Initializers) { var offset = TmpName(); _writer.Indented($"{offset} =l add {destination}, {OffsetOf(structInitializer.StructType, field)}"); EmitCopyInto(value, offset); } return destination; } private string EmitUnaryExpression(UnaryExpressionNode unaryExpression) { var operand = EmitExpression(unaryExpression.Operand); var outputName = TmpName(); switch (unaryExpression.Operator) { case UnaryOperator.Negate: { switch (unaryExpression.Operand.Type) { case IntTypeNode { Signed: true, Width: 64 }: _writer.Indented($"{outputName} =l neg {operand}"); return outputName; case IntTypeNode { Signed: true, Width: 8 or 16 or 32 }: _writer.Indented($"{outputName} =w neg {operand}"); return outputName; case FloatTypeNode { Width: 64 }: _writer.Indented($"{outputName} =d neg {operand}"); return outputName; case FloatTypeNode { Width: 32 }: _writer.Indented($"{outputName} =s neg {operand}"); return outputName; } break; } case UnaryOperator.Invert: { switch (unaryExpression.Operand.Type) { case BoolTypeNode: _writer.Indented($"{outputName} =w xor {operand}, 1"); return outputName; } break; } default: { throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException(); } } throw new NotSupportedException($"Unary operator {unaryExpression.Operator} for type {unaryExpression.Operand.Type} not supported"); } private string EmitStructFieldAccess(StructFieldAccessNode structFieldAccess) { var address = EmitAddressOfStructFieldAccess(structFieldAccess); if (structFieldAccess.Type is StructTypeNode) { return address; } return EmitLoad(structFieldAccess.Type, address); } private string EmitStructFuncCall(StructFuncCallNode structFuncCall) { var func = StructFuncName(structFuncCall.StructType.Module, structFuncCall.StructType.Name, structFuncCall.Name); var thisParameter = EmitExpression(structFuncCall.StructExpression); List parameterStrings = [$"l {thisParameter}"]; foreach (var parameter in structFuncCall.Parameters) { var copy = EmitCopy(parameter); parameterStrings.Add($"{FuncQBETypeName(parameter.Type)} {copy}"); } if (structFuncCall.Type is VoidTypeNode) { _writer.Indented($"call {func}({string.Join(", ", parameterStrings)})"); return string.Empty; } else { var outputName = TmpName(); _writer.Indented($"{outputName} {QBEAssign(structFuncCall.Type)} call {func}({string.Join(", ", parameterStrings)})"); return outputName; } } private string EmitInterfaceFuncCall(InterfaceFuncCallNode interfaceFuncCall) { var target = EmitExpression(interfaceFuncCall.InterfaceExpression); var functionIndex = interfaceFuncCall.InterfaceType.Functions.ToList().FindIndex(x => x.Name == interfaceFuncCall.Name); var offset = functionIndex * 8; var vtable = TmpName(); _writer.Indented($"{vtable} =l loadl {target}"); var funcOffset = TmpName(); _writer.Indented($"{funcOffset} =l add {vtable}, {offset}"); var func = TmpName(); _writer.Indented($"{func} =l loadl {funcOffset}"); var data = TmpName(); _writer.Indented($"{data} =l add {target}, 8"); _writer.Indented($"{data} =l loadl {data}"); List parameterStrings = [$"l {data}"]; foreach (var parameter in interfaceFuncCall.Parameters) { var copy = EmitCopy(parameter); parameterStrings.Add($"{FuncQBETypeName(parameter.Type)} {copy}"); } if (interfaceFuncCall.Type is VoidTypeNode) { _writer.Indented($"call {func}({string.Join(", ", parameterStrings)})"); return string.Empty; } else { var outputName = TmpName(); _writer.Indented($"{outputName} {QBEAssign(interfaceFuncCall.Type)} call {func}({string.Join(", ", parameterStrings)})"); return outputName; } } private string EmitConvertToInterface(ConvertToInterfaceNode convertToInterface) { var implementation = EmitExpression(convertToInterface.Implementation); var vtableOffset = 0; foreach (var interfaceImplementation in convertToInterface.StructType.InterfaceImplementations) { if (interfaceImplementation == convertToInterface.InterfaceType) { break; } vtableOffset += interfaceImplementation.Functions.Count * 8; } var destination = TmpName(); _writer.Indented($"{destination} =l alloc8 {SizeOf(convertToInterface.InterfaceType)}"); var interfaceVtablePointer = TmpName(); _writer.Indented($"{interfaceVtablePointer} =l add {StructVtableName(convertToInterface.StructType.Module, convertToInterface.StructType.Name)}, {vtableOffset}"); _writer.Indented($"storel {interfaceVtablePointer}, {destination}"); var objectPointer = TmpName(); _writer.Indented($"{objectPointer} =l add {destination}, 8"); _writer.Indented($"storel {implementation}, {objectPointer}"); return destination; } private string EmitConvertInt(ConvertIntNode convertInt) { var value = EmitExpression(convertInt.Value); if (convertInt.ValueType.Width >= convertInt.TargetType.Width) { return value; } var method = convertInt.ValueType.Signed switch { true => convertInt.ValueType.Width switch { 8 => "extsb", 16 => "extsh", 32 => "extsw", _ => throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException() }, false => convertInt.ValueType.Width switch { 8 => "extub", 16 => "extuh", 32 => "extuw", _ => throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException() } }; var result = TmpName(); _writer.Indented($"{result} {QBEAssign(convertInt.TargetType)} {method} {value}"); return result; } private string EmitConvertFloat(ConvertFloatNode convertFloat) { var value = EmitExpression(convertFloat.Value); if (convertFloat.ValueType.Width == convertFloat.TargetType.Width) { return value; } var method = convertFloat.ValueType.Width switch { 32 => "exts", 64 => "truncd", _ => throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException() }; var result = TmpName(); _writer.Indented($"{result} {QBEAssign(convertFloat.TargetType)} {method} {value}"); return result; } private string EmitFuncCall(FuncCallNode funcCall) { var funcPointer = EmitExpression(funcCall.Expression); var parameterStrings = new List(); foreach (var parameter in funcCall.Parameters) { var copy = EmitCopy(parameter); parameterStrings.Add($"{FuncQBETypeName(parameter.Type)} {copy}"); } if (funcCall.Type is VoidTypeNode) { _writer.Indented($"call {funcPointer}({string.Join(", ", parameterStrings)})"); return string.Empty; } else { var outputName = TmpName(); _writer.Indented($"{outputName} {QBEAssign(funcCall.Type)} call {funcPointer}({string.Join(", ", parameterStrings)})"); return outputName; } } private static int SizeOf(TypeNode type) { return type switch { SimpleTypeNode simple => simple.StorageSize switch { StorageSize.Void => 0, StorageSize.I8 or StorageSize.U8 => 1, StorageSize.I16 or StorageSize.U16 => 2, StorageSize.I32 or StorageSize.U32 or StorageSize.F32 => 4, StorageSize.I64 or StorageSize.U64 or StorageSize.F64 => 8, _ => throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException(nameof(type), $"Unknown storage size: {simple.StorageSize}") }, CStringTypeNode => 8, StringTypeNode => 8, ArrayTypeNode => 8, StructTypeNode structType => CalculateStructSize(structType), InterfaceTypeNode => 16, _ => throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException(nameof(type), $"Unknown type: {type.GetType()}") }; } private static int CalculateStructSize(StructTypeNode structType) { var offset = 0; var fields = new List(structType.Fields.Count); foreach (var field in structType.Fields) { var fieldAlignment = AlignmentOf(field.Type); offset = AlignTo(offset, fieldAlignment); offset += SizeOf(field.Type); } var structAlignment = CalculateStructAlignment(structType); return AlignTo(offset, structAlignment); } private static int AlignmentOf(TypeNode type) { return type switch { SimpleTypeNode simple => simple.StorageSize switch { StorageSize.Void => 1, StorageSize.I8 or StorageSize.U8 => 1, StorageSize.I16 or StorageSize.U16 => 2, StorageSize.I32 or StorageSize.U32 or StorageSize.F32 => 4, StorageSize.I64 or StorageSize.U64 or StorageSize.F64 => 8, _ => throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException(nameof(type), $"Unknown storage size: {simple.StorageSize}") }, CStringTypeNode => 8, StringTypeNode => 8, ArrayTypeNode => 8, StructTypeNode structType => CalculateStructAlignment(structType), InterfaceTypeNode => 8, _ => throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException(nameof(type), $"Unknown type: {type.GetType()}") }; } private static int CalculateStructAlignment(StructTypeNode structType) { var maxAlignment = 1; if (structType.InterfaceImplementations.Any()) { maxAlignment = Math.Max(maxAlignment, 8); } foreach (var field in structType.Fields) { var fieldAlignment = AlignmentOf(field.Type); maxAlignment = Math.Max(maxAlignment, fieldAlignment); } return maxAlignment; } private static int AlignTo(int offset, int alignment) { return (offset + alignment - 1) & ~(alignment - 1); } private static int OffsetOf(StructTypeNode structDef, string member) { var offset = 0; foreach (var field in structDef.Fields) { if (field.Name == member) { return offset; } var fieldAlignment = AlignmentOf(field.Type); offset = AlignTo(offset, fieldAlignment); offset += SizeOf(field.Type); } throw new UnreachableException($"Member '{member}' not found in struct"); } #region Naming utilities private string TmpName() { return $"%t{++_tmpIndex}"; } private string LabelName() { return $"@l{++_labelIndex}"; } private string CStringName() { return $"$cstring{++_cStringLiteralIndex}"; } private string StringName() { return $"$string{++_stringLiteralIndex}"; } private string FuncName(string module, string name) { var type = TypeResolver.ResolveFunctionType(module, name, _moduleSignatures); var symbol = type.ExternSymbol ?? $"{module}.{name}"; return "$" + symbol; } private string StructTypeName(string module, string name) { return $":{module}.{name}"; } private string StructFuncName(string module, string structName, string funcName) { return $"${module}.{structName}_func.{funcName}"; } private string StructCtorName(string module, string structName) { return $"${module}.{structName}_ctor"; } private string StructVtableName(string module, string structName) { return $"${module}.{structName}_vtable"; } #endregion } public class StringLiteral(string value, string name) { public string Value { get; } = value; public string Name { get; } = name; } public class CStringLiteral(string value, string name) { public string Value { get; } = value; public string Name { get; } = name; }