...

example/program.nub

@@ -1,24 +1,30 @@
 namespace main
 
+struct Human {
+
+}
+
 /// # Documentation
 /// ## Documentation subtitle
-export func main(args: []string) {
+export func main(args: []^string) {
     let i: i64
 
     c::printf("%d\n", args.count)
 
     while i < args.count {
         c::printf("%s\n", args[i])
-
+        i += 1
-        i === 1
     }
 
-    let arr = new [10]i64
+    let human = alloc Human {}
+
+    let arr = [10]^i64
     i = 0
 
-    while i < arr.count {
+    while i < arr.count + 1 {
         c::printf("%d\n", arr[i])
-
+        i += 1
-        i === 1
     }
+
+    c::printf("success\n", "")
 }

src/lang/Nub.Lang/Backend/Generator.cs

@@ -7,6 +7,8 @@ namespace Nub.Lang.Backend;
 
 public class Generator
 {
+    private const string OutOfBoundsMessage = "Index is out of bounds\n";
+    
     private List<SourceFile> _sourceFiles = [];
     private StringBuilder _builder = new();
     private Dictionary<string, Variable> _variables = [];
@@ -68,12 +70,14 @@ public class Generator
             _builder.AppendLine();
         }
 
+        _builder.AppendLine($"data $oob_message = {{ b \"{OutOfBoundsMessage}\" }}");
+
         for (var i = 0; i < _strings.Count; i++)
         {
             var str = _strings[i];
             _builder.AppendLine($"data $str{i + 1} = {{ b \"{str}\", b 0 }}");
         }
-
+        
         return _builder.ToString();
     }
 
@@ -578,15 +582,39 @@ public class Generator
         var index = GenerateExpression(arrayIndex.Index);
 
         var arrayBaseType = ((NubArrayType)arrayIndex.Expression.Type).BaseType;
-        
+    
+        var countName = GenVarName();
+        _builder.AppendLine($"    %{countName} =l loadl {array}");
+    
+        var isNegativeName = GenVarName();
+        _builder.AppendLine($"    %{isNegativeName} =w csltl {index}, 0");
+    
+        var isOobName = GenVarName();
+        _builder.AppendLine($"    %{isOobName} =w csgel {index}, %{countName}");
+    
+        var anyOobName = GenVarName();
+        _builder.AppendLine($"    %{anyOobName} =w or %{isNegativeName}, %{isOobName}");
+    
+        var oobLabel = GenLabelName();
+        var notOobLabel = GenLabelName();
+        _builder.AppendLine($"    jnz %{anyOobName}, @{oobLabel}, @{notOobLabel}");
+    
+        _builder.AppendLine($"@{oobLabel}");
+        _builder.AppendLine($"    call $nub_panic(l $oob_message, l {OutOfBoundsMessage.Length})");
+    
+        _builder.AppendLine($"@{notOobLabel}");
+    
+        // Calculate element address
         var firstItemPointerName = GenVarName();
         _builder.AppendLine($"    %{firstItemPointerName} =l add {array}, 8");
         var offsetPointerName = GenVarName();
         _builder.AppendLine($"    %{offsetPointerName} =l mul {index}, {QbeTypeSize(arrayBaseType)}");
         var resultPointerName = GenVarName();
-        _builder.AppendLine($"    %{resultPointerName} ={SQT(arrayIndex.Type)} add %{firstItemPointerName}, %{offsetPointerName}");
+        _builder.AppendLine($"    %{resultPointerName} =l add %{firstItemPointerName}, %{offsetPointerName}");
+    
+        // Load the value
         var outputName = GenVarName();
-        _builder.AppendLine($"    %{outputName} =l load{SQT(arrayBaseType)} %{resultPointerName}");
+        _builder.AppendLine($"    %{outputName} ={SQT(arrayBaseType)} load{SQT(arrayBaseType)} %{resultPointerName}");
         return $"%{outputName}";
     }
 

src/lang/Nub.Lang/Frontend/Lexing/Lexer.cs

@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ public class Lexer
         ["break"] = Symbol.Break,
         ["continue"] = Symbol.Continue,
         ["return"] = Symbol.Return,
-        ["new"] = Symbol.New,
+        ["alloc"] = Symbol.Alloc,
         ["struct"] = Symbol.Struct,
         ["let"] = Symbol.Let,
     };

src/lang/Nub.Lang/Frontend/Lexing/SymbolToken.cs

@@ -38,11 +38,11 @@ public enum Symbol
     Minus,
     Star,
     ForwardSlash,
-    New,
     Struct,
     Caret,
     Ampersand,
     DoubleColon,
     Namespace,
-    Let
+    Let,
+    Alloc
 }

src/lang/Nub.Lang/Frontend/Parsing/Parser.cs

@@ -507,43 +507,6 @@ public class Parser
                         expr = new CastNode(GetTokensForNode(startIndex), type, expressionToCast);
                         break;
                     }
-                    case Symbol.New:
-                    {
-                        var next = Peek();
-                        if (next.Value is SymbolToken { Symbol: Symbol.OpenBracket })
-                        {
-                            Next();
-                            var size = ParseExpression();
-                            ExpectSymbol(Symbol.CloseBracket);
-                            var type = ParseType();
-                            expr = new ArrayInitializerNode(GetTokensForNode(startIndex), size, type);
-                        }
-                        else
-                        {
-                            var type = ParseType();
-                            Dictionary<string, ExpressionNode> initializers = [];
-                            ExpectSymbol(Symbol.OpenBrace);
-                            while (!TryExpectSymbol(Symbol.CloseBrace))
-                            {
-                                var name = ExpectIdentifier().Value;
-                                ExpectSymbol(Symbol.Assign);
-                                var value = ParseExpression();
-                                initializers.Add(name, value);
-                            }
-
-                            if (type is not NubStructType structType)
-                            {
-                                throw new ParseException(Diagnostic
-                                    .Error($"Cannot use new keyword on type {type}")
-                                    .At(symbolToken)
-                                    .Build());
-                            }
-
-                            expr = new StructInitializerNode(GetTokensForNode(startIndex), structType, initializers);
-                        }
-
-                        break;
-                    }
                     case Symbol.Ampersand:
                     {
                         var expression = ParsePrimaryExpression();
@@ -562,6 +525,38 @@ public class Parser
                         expr = new UnaryExpressionNode(GetTokensForNode(startIndex), UnaryExpressionOperator.Invert, expression);
                         break;
                     }
+                    case Symbol.OpenBracket:
+                    {
+                        var size = ParseExpression();
+                        ExpectSymbol(Symbol.CloseBracket);
+                        var type = ParseType();
+                        expr = new ArrayInitializerNode(GetTokensForNode(startIndex), size, type);
+                        break;
+                    }
+                    case Symbol.Alloc:
+                    {
+                        var type = ParseType();
+                        Dictionary<string, ExpressionNode> initializers = [];
+                        ExpectSymbol(Symbol.OpenBrace);
+                        while (!TryExpectSymbol(Symbol.CloseBrace))
+                        {
+                            var name = ExpectIdentifier().Value;
+                            ExpectSymbol(Symbol.Assign);
+                            var value = ParseExpression();
+                            initializers.Add(name, value);
+                        }
+
+                        if (type is not NubStructType structType)
+                        {
+                            throw new ParseException(Diagnostic
+                                .Error($"Cannot use new keyword on type {type}")
+                                .At(symbolToken)
+                                .Build());
+                        }
+
+                        expr = new StructInitializerNode(GetTokensForNode(startIndex), structType, initializers);   
+                        break;
+                    }
                     default:
                     {
                         throw new ParseException(Diagnostic

src/runtime/runtime.asm

@@ -28,6 +28,17 @@ nub_strcmp:
     mov rax, 1
     ret
 
+global nub_panic
+nub_panic:
+    mov rdx, rsi
+    mov rsi, rdi
+    mov     rax, 1
+    mov     rdi, 2
+    syscall
+    mov     rax, 60
+    mov     rdi, 101
+    syscall
+
 ; TODO: This is ai-generated. Should be re-implemented in the future
 global nub_memset
 nub_memset:

tools/syntax-highlighting/syntaxes/nub.tmLanguage.json

@@ -60,7 +60,7 @@
         },
         {
           "name": "keyword.other.nub",
-          "match": "\\b(namespace|func|struct|new)\\b"
+          "match": "\\b(namespace|func|struct|alloc)\\b"
         }
       ]
     },
@@ -256,4 +256,4 @@
       ]
     }
   }
-}
+}