....

src/compiler/CLI/Program.cs

@@ -120,9 +120,9 @@ foreach (var file in options.Files)
 {
     var outFileName = $"{HexString.CreateUnique(8)}_{Path.GetFileNameWithoutExtension(file)}";
 
-    var ssa = QBEGenerator.Emit(boundSyntaxTrees[file], boundDefinitionTable, file);
-    // File.WriteAllText(Path.Join(INT_DEBUG_DIR, $"{outFileName}.ssa"), ssa);
-    File.WriteAllText(Path.Join(INT_DEBUG_DIR, $"{Path.GetFileNameWithoutExtension(file)}.ssa"), ssa);
+    var generator = new QBEGenerator(boundSyntaxTrees[file], boundDefinitionTable, file);
+    var ssa = generator.Emit();
+    File.WriteAllText(Path.Join(INT_DEBUG_DIR, $"{outFileName}.ssa"), ssa);
 
     var asm = await QBE.Invoke(ssa);
     if (asm == null)

src/compiler/NubLang/Generation/QBE/QBEGenerator.Expression.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,467 @@
+using System.Diagnostics;
+using System.Globalization;
+using NubLang.Syntax.Binding.Node;
+using NubLang.Syntax.Tokenization;
+
+namespace NubLang.Generation.QBE;
+
+public partial class QBEGenerator
+{
+    private Val EmitExpression(BoundExpression expression)
+    {
+        _writer.WriteDebugLocation(expression);
+
+        return expression switch
+        {
+            BoundArrayInitializer arrayInitializer => EmitArrayInitializer(arrayInitializer),
+            BoundStructInitializer structInitializer => EmitStructInitializer(structInitializer),
+            BoundAddressOf addressOf => EmitAddressOf(addressOf),
+            BoundDereference dereference => EmitDereference(dereference),
+            BoundAnonymousFunc anonymousFunc => EmitAnonymousFunc(anonymousFunc),
+            BoundBinaryExpression binaryExpression => EmitBinaryExpression(binaryExpression),
+            BoundFuncCall funcCallExpression => EmitFuncCall(funcCallExpression),
+            BoundExternFuncIdent externFuncIdent => EmitExternFuncIdent(externFuncIdent),
+            BoundLocalFuncIdent localFuncIdent => EmitLocalFuncIdent(localFuncIdent),
+            BoundVariableIdent variableIdent => EmitVariableIdent(variableIdent),
+            BoundLiteral literal => EmitLiteral(literal),
+            BoundUnaryExpression unaryExpression => EmitUnaryExpression(unaryExpression),
+            BoundStructFieldAccess structFieldAccess => EmitStructFieldAccess(structFieldAccess),
+            BoundTraitFuncAccess traitFuncAccess => EmitTraitFuncAccess(traitFuncAccess),
+            BoundTraitImplFuncAccess traitImplFuncAccess => EmitTraitImplFuncAccess(traitImplFuncAccess),
+            BoundArrayIndexAccess arrayIndex => EmitArrayIndexAccess(arrayIndex),
+            _ => throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException(nameof(expression))
+        };
+    }
+
+    private Val EmitAnonymousFunc(BoundAnonymousFunc anonymousFunc)
+    {
+        var name = $"$anon_func{++_anonymousFuncIndex}";
+        _anonymousFunctions.Enqueue((anonymousFunc, name));
+        return new Val(name, anonymousFunc.Type, ValKind.Direct);
+    }
+
+    private Val EmitArrayIndexAccess(BoundArrayIndexAccess arrayIndexAccess)
+    {
+        var array = EmitUnwrap(EmitExpression(arrayIndexAccess.Target));
+        var index = EmitUnwrap(EmitExpression(arrayIndexAccess.Index));
+
+        EmitArrayBoundsCheck(array, index);
+
+        var elementType = ((NubArrayType)arrayIndexAccess.Target.Type).ElementType;
+
+        var pointer = TmpName();
+        _writer.Indented($"{pointer} =l mul {index}, {elementType.Size(_definitionTable)}");
+        _writer.Indented($"{pointer} =l add {pointer}, 8");
+        _writer.Indented($"{pointer} =l add {array}, {pointer}");
+        return new Val(pointer, arrayIndexAccess.Type, ValKind.Pointer);
+    }
+
+    private void EmitArrayBoundsCheck(string array, string index)
+    {
+        var count = TmpName();
+        _writer.Indented($"{count} =l loadl {array}");
+
+        var isNegative = TmpName();
+        _writer.Indented($"{isNegative} =w csltl {index}, 0");
+
+        var isOob = TmpName();
+        _writer.Indented($"{isOob} =w csgel {index}, {count}");
+
+        var anyOob = TmpName();
+        _writer.Indented($"{anyOob} =w or {isNegative}, {isOob}");
+
+        var oobLabel = LabelName();
+        var notOobLabel = LabelName();
+        _writer.Indented($"jnz {anyOob}, {oobLabel}, {notOobLabel}");
+
+        _writer.Indented(oobLabel);
+        _writer.Indented($"call $nub_panic_array_oob()");
+
+        _writer.Indented(notOobLabel);
+    }
+
+    private Val EmitArrayInitializer(BoundArrayInitializer arrayInitializer)
+    {
+        var capacity = EmitUnwrap(EmitExpression(arrayInitializer.Capacity));
+        var elementSize = arrayInitializer.ElementType.Size(_definitionTable);
+
+        var capacityInBytes = TmpName();
+        _writer.Indented($"{capacityInBytes} =l mul {capacity}, {elementSize}");
+        var totalSize = TmpName();
+        _writer.Indented($"{totalSize} =l add {capacityInBytes}, 8");
+
+        var arrayPointer = TmpName();
+        _writer.Indented($"{arrayPointer} =l alloc8 {totalSize}");
+        _writer.Indented($"storel {capacity}, {arrayPointer}");
+
+        var dataPointer = TmpName();
+        _writer.Indented($"{dataPointer} =l add {arrayPointer}, 8");
+        _writer.Indented($"call $nub_memset(l {dataPointer}, w 0, l {capacityInBytes})");
+
+        return new Val(arrayPointer, arrayInitializer.Type, ValKind.Direct);
+    }
+
+    private Val EmitDereference(BoundDereference dereference)
+    {
+        return EmitLoad(dereference.Type, EmitUnwrap(EmitExpression(dereference.Expression)));
+    }
+
+    private Val EmitAddressOf(BoundAddressOf addressOf)
+    {
+        var value = EmitExpression(addressOf.Expression);
+        if (value.Kind != ValKind.Pointer)
+        {
+            throw new UnreachableException("Tried to take address of non-pointer type. This should have been causht in the type checker");
+        }
+
+        return new Val(value.Name, addressOf.Type, ValKind.Direct);
+    }
+
+    private Val EmitBinaryExpression(BoundBinaryExpression binaryExpression)
+    {
+        var left = EmitUnwrap(EmitExpression(binaryExpression.Left));
+        var right = EmitUnwrap(EmitExpression(binaryExpression.Right));
+
+        var outputName = TmpName();
+
+        var instruction = EmitBinaryInstructionFor(binaryExpression.Operator, binaryExpression.Left.Type, left, right);
+
+        _writer.Indented($"{outputName} {QBEAssign(binaryExpression.Left.Type)} {instruction} {left}, {right}");
+        return new Val(outputName, binaryExpression.Type, ValKind.Direct);
+    }
+
+    private string EmitBinaryInstructionFor(BoundBinaryOperator op, NubType type, string left, string right)
+    {
+        if (op is
+            BoundBinaryOperator.Equal or
+            BoundBinaryOperator.NotEqual or
+            BoundBinaryOperator.GreaterThan or
+            BoundBinaryOperator.GreaterThanOrEqual or
+            BoundBinaryOperator.LessThan or
+            BoundBinaryOperator.LessThanOrEqual)
+        {
+            char suffix;
+
+            if (!type.IsSimpleType(out var simpleType, out _))
+            {
+                throw new NotSupportedException("Binary operations is only supported for simple types.");
+            }
+
+            switch (simpleType.StorageSize)
+            {
+                case StorageSize.I8:
+                    _writer.Indented($"{left} =w extsb {left}");
+                    _writer.Indented($"{right} =w extsb {right}");
+                    suffix = 'w';
+                    break;
+                case StorageSize.U8:
+                    _writer.Indented($"{left} =w extub {left}");
+                    _writer.Indented($"{right} =w extub {right}");
+                    suffix = 'w';
+                    break;
+                case StorageSize.I16:
+                    _writer.Indented($"{left} =w extsh {left}");
+                    _writer.Indented($"{right} =w extsh {right}");
+                    suffix = 'w';
+                    break;
+                case StorageSize.U16:
+                    _writer.Indented($"{left} =w extuh {left}");
+                    _writer.Indented($"{right} =w extuh {right}");
+                    suffix = 'w';
+                    break;
+                case StorageSize.I32 or StorageSize.U32:
+                    suffix = 'w';
+                    break;
+                case StorageSize.I64 or StorageSize.U64:
+                    suffix = 'l';
+                    break;
+                default:
+                    throw new NotSupportedException($"Unsupported type '{simpleType}' for binary operator '{op}'");
+            }
+
+            if (op is BoundBinaryOperator.Equal)
+            {
+                return "ceq" + suffix;
+            }
+
+            if (op is BoundBinaryOperator.NotEqual)
+            {
+                return "cne" + suffix;
+            }
+
+            string sign;
+
+            if (simpleType is NubPrimitiveType { Kind: PrimitiveTypeKind.I8 or PrimitiveTypeKind.I16 or PrimitiveTypeKind.I32 or PrimitiveTypeKind.I64 })
+            {
+                sign = "s";
+            }
+            else if (simpleType is NubPrimitiveType { Kind: PrimitiveTypeKind.U8 or PrimitiveTypeKind.U16 or PrimitiveTypeKind.U32 or PrimitiveTypeKind.U64 })
+            {
+                sign = "u";
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                throw new NotSupportedException($"Unsupported type '{type}' for binary operator '{op}'");
+            }
+
+            return op switch
+            {
+                BoundBinaryOperator.GreaterThan => 'c' + sign + "gt" + suffix,
+                BoundBinaryOperator.GreaterThanOrEqual => 'c' + sign + "ge" + suffix,
+                BoundBinaryOperator.LessThan => 'c' + sign + "lt" + suffix,
+                BoundBinaryOperator.LessThanOrEqual => 'c' + sign + "le" + suffix,
+                _ => throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException(nameof(op), op, null)
+            };
+        }
+
+        return op switch
+        {
+            BoundBinaryOperator.Plus => "add",
+            BoundBinaryOperator.Minus => "sub",
+            BoundBinaryOperator.Multiply => "mul",
+            BoundBinaryOperator.Divide => "div",
+            _ => throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException(nameof(op))
+        };
+    }
+
+    private Val EmitExternFuncIdent(BoundExternFuncIdent externFuncIdent)
+    {
+        var func = _definitionTable.LookupExternFunc(externFuncIdent.Namespace, externFuncIdent.Name);
+        return new Val(ExternFuncName(func), externFuncIdent.Type, ValKind.Direct);
+    }
+
+    private Val EmitLocalFuncIdent(BoundLocalFuncIdent localFuncIdent)
+    {
+        var func = _definitionTable.LookupExternFunc(localFuncIdent.Namespace, localFuncIdent.Name);
+        return new Val(ExternFuncName(func), localFuncIdent.Type, ValKind.Direct);
+    }
+
+    private Val EmitVariableIdent(BoundVariableIdent variableIdent)
+    {
+        return _variables.Single(v => v.Name == variableIdent.Name).Val;
+    }
+
+    private Val EmitLiteral(BoundLiteral literal)
+    {
+        switch (literal.Kind)
+        {
+            case LiteralKind.Integer:
+            {
+                if (literal.Type is NubPrimitiveType { Kind: PrimitiveTypeKind.F32 })
+                {
+                    var value = float.Parse(literal.Literal, CultureInfo.InvariantCulture);
+                    var bits = BitConverter.SingleToInt32Bits(value);
+                    return new Val(bits.ToString(), literal.Type, ValKind.Direct);
+                }
+
+                if (literal.Type is NubPrimitiveType { Kind: PrimitiveTypeKind.F64 })
+                {
+                    var value = double.Parse(literal.Literal, CultureInfo.InvariantCulture);
+                    var bits = BitConverter.DoubleToInt64Bits(value);
+                    return new Val(bits.ToString(), literal.Type, ValKind.Direct);
+                }
+
+                if (literal.Type is NubPrimitiveType { Kind: PrimitiveTypeKind.I8 or PrimitiveTypeKind.U8 or PrimitiveTypeKind.I16 or PrimitiveTypeKind.U16 or PrimitiveTypeKind.I32 or PrimitiveTypeKind.U32 or PrimitiveTypeKind.I64 or PrimitiveTypeKind.U64 })
+                {
+                    return new Val(literal.Literal, literal.Type, ValKind.Direct);
+                }
+
+                break;
+            }
+            case LiteralKind.Float:
+            {
+                if (literal.Type is NubPrimitiveType { Kind: PrimitiveTypeKind.I8 or PrimitiveTypeKind.U8 or PrimitiveTypeKind.I16 or PrimitiveTypeKind.U16 or PrimitiveTypeKind.I32 or PrimitiveTypeKind.U32 or PrimitiveTypeKind.I64 or PrimitiveTypeKind.U64 })
+                {
+                    return new Val(literal.Literal.Split(".").First(), literal.Type, ValKind.Direct);
+                }
+
+                if (literal.Type is NubPrimitiveType { Kind: PrimitiveTypeKind.F32 })
+                {
+                    var value = float.Parse(literal.Literal, CultureInfo.InvariantCulture);
+                    var bits = BitConverter.SingleToInt32Bits(value);
+                    return new Val(bits.ToString(), literal.Type, ValKind.Direct);
+                }
+
+                if (literal.Type is NubPrimitiveType { Kind: PrimitiveTypeKind.F64 })
+                {
+                    var value = double.Parse(literal.Literal, CultureInfo.InvariantCulture);
+                    var bits = BitConverter.DoubleToInt64Bits(value);
+                    return new Val(bits.ToString(), literal.Type, ValKind.Direct);
+                }
+
+                break;
+            }
+            case LiteralKind.String:
+            {
+                if (literal.Type is NubStringType)
+                {
+                    var stringLiteral = new StringLiteral(literal.Literal, StringName());
+                    _stringLiterals.Add(stringLiteral);
+                    return new Val(stringLiteral.Name, literal.Type, ValKind.Direct);
+                }
+
+                if (literal.Type is NubCStringType)
+                {
+                    var cStringLiteral = new CStringLiteral(literal.Literal, CStringName());
+                    _cStringLiterals.Add(cStringLiteral);
+                    return new Val(cStringLiteral.Name, literal.Type, ValKind.Direct);
+                }
+
+                break;
+            }
+            case LiteralKind.Bool:
+            {
+                if (literal.Type is NubPrimitiveType { Kind: PrimitiveTypeKind.Bool })
+                {
+                    return new Val(bool.Parse(literal.Literal) ? "1" : "0", literal.Type, ValKind.Direct);
+                }
+
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+
+        throw new NotSupportedException($"Cannot create literal of kind '{literal.Kind}' for type {literal.Type}");
+    }
+
+    private Val EmitStructInitializer(BoundStructInitializer structInitializer, string? destination = null)
+    {
+        var @struct = _definitionTable.LookupStruct(structInitializer.StructType.Namespace, structInitializer.StructType.Name);
+
+        if (destination == null)
+        {
+            destination = TmpName();
+            var size = structInitializer.StructType.Size(_definitionTable);
+            _writer.Indented($"{destination} =l alloc8 {size}");
+        }
+
+        foreach (var field in @struct.Fields)
+        {
+            if (!structInitializer.Initializers.TryGetValue(field.Name, out var valueExpression))
+            {
+                valueExpression = field.Value.Value;
+            }
+
+            Debug.Assert(valueExpression != null);
+
+            var offset = TmpName();
+            _writer.Indented($"{offset} =l add {destination}, {OffsetOf(@struct, field.Name)}");
+            EmitCopyIntoOrInitialize(valueExpression, offset);
+        }
+
+        return new Val(destination, structInitializer.StructType, ValKind.Direct);
+    }
+
+    private Val EmitUnaryExpression(BoundUnaryExpression unaryExpression)
+    {
+        var operand = EmitUnwrap(EmitExpression(unaryExpression.Operand));
+        var outputName = TmpName();
+
+        switch (unaryExpression.Operator)
+        {
+            case BoundUnaryOperator.Negate:
+            {
+                switch (unaryExpression.Operand.Type)
+                {
+                    case NubPrimitiveType { Kind: PrimitiveTypeKind.I64 }:
+                        _writer.Indented($"{outputName} =l neg {operand}");
+                        return new Val(outputName, unaryExpression.Type, ValKind.Direct);
+                    case NubPrimitiveType { Kind: PrimitiveTypeKind.I32 or PrimitiveTypeKind.I16 or PrimitiveTypeKind.I8 }:
+                        _writer.Indented($"{outputName} =w neg {operand}");
+                        return new Val(outputName, unaryExpression.Type, ValKind.Direct);
+                    case NubPrimitiveType { Kind: PrimitiveTypeKind.F64 }:
+                        _writer.Indented($"{outputName} =d neg {operand}");
+                        return new Val(outputName, unaryExpression.Type, ValKind.Direct);
+                    case NubPrimitiveType { Kind: PrimitiveTypeKind.F32 }:
+                        _writer.Indented($"{outputName} =s neg {operand}");
+                        return new Val(outputName, unaryExpression.Type, ValKind.Direct);
+                }
+
+                break;
+            }
+            case BoundUnaryOperator.Invert:
+            {
+                switch (unaryExpression.Operand.Type)
+                {
+                    case NubPrimitiveType { Kind: PrimitiveTypeKind.Bool }:
+                        _writer.Indented($"{outputName} =w xor {operand}, 1");
+                        return new Val(outputName, unaryExpression.Type, ValKind.Direct);
+                }
+
+                break;
+            }
+            default:
+            {
+                throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException();
+            }
+        }
+
+        throw new NotSupportedException($"Unary operator {unaryExpression.Operator} for type {unaryExpression.Operand.Type} not supported");
+    }
+
+    private Val EmitStructFieldAccess(BoundStructFieldAccess structFieldAccess)
+    {
+        var target = EmitUnwrap(EmitExpression(structFieldAccess.Target));
+
+        var structDef = _definitionTable.LookupStruct(structFieldAccess.StructType.Namespace, structFieldAccess.StructType.Name);
+        var offset = OffsetOf(structDef, structFieldAccess.Field);
+
+        var output = TmpName();
+        _writer.Indented($"{output} =l add {target}, {offset}");
+
+        // If the accessed member is an inline struct, it will not be a pointer
+        if (structFieldAccess.Type is NubCustomType customType && customType.Kind(_definitionTable) == CustomTypeKind.Struct)
+        {
+            return new Val(output, structFieldAccess.Type, ValKind.Direct);
+        }
+
+        return new Val(output, structFieldAccess.Type, ValKind.Pointer);
+    }
+
+    private Val EmitTraitFuncAccess(BoundTraitFuncAccess traitFuncAccess)
+    {
+        throw new NotImplementedException();
+    }
+
+    private Val EmitTraitImplFuncAccess(BoundTraitImplFuncAccess traitImplFuncAccess)
+    {
+        var target = EmitExpression(traitImplFuncAccess.Target);
+
+        var funcImpl = _definitionTable.LookupTraitFuncImpl(traitImplFuncAccess.Target.Type, traitImplFuncAccess.FuncName);
+
+        var name = ImplFuncName();
+        _implFunctions.TryAdd(funcImpl, name);
+        return new Val(name, traitImplFuncAccess.Type, ValKind.Direct, new MethodCallContext(target));
+    }
+
+    private Val EmitFuncCall(BoundFuncCall funcCall)
+    {
+        var expression = EmitExpression(funcCall.Expression);
+        var funcPointer = EmitUnwrap(expression);
+
+        var parameterStrings = new List<string>();
+
+        if (expression.FuncCallContext != null)
+        {
+            var thisArg = EmitUnwrap(expression.FuncCallContext.ThisArg);
+            parameterStrings.Add($"{FuncQBETypeName(expression.FuncCallContext.ThisArg.Type)} {thisArg}");
+        }
+
+        foreach (var parameter in funcCall.Parameters)
+        {
+            var copy = EmitCreateCopyOrInitialize(parameter);
+            parameterStrings.Add($"{FuncQBETypeName(parameter.Type)} {copy}");
+        }
+
+        if (funcCall.Type is NubVoidType)
+        {
+            _writer.Indented($"call {funcPointer}({string.Join(", ", parameterStrings)})");
+            return new Val(string.Empty, funcCall.Type, ValKind.Direct);
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            var outputName = TmpName();
+            _writer.Indented($"{outputName} {QBEAssign(funcCall.Type)} call {funcPointer}({string.Join(", ", parameterStrings)})");
+            return new Val(outputName, funcCall.Type, ValKind.Direct);
+        }
+    }
+}

src/compiler/NubLang/Generation/QBE/QBEGenerator.Statement.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,158 @@
+using System.Diagnostics;
+using NubLang.Syntax.Binding.Node;
+
+namespace NubLang.Generation.QBE;
+
+public partial class QBEGenerator
+{
+    private void EmitStatement(BoundStatement statement)
+    {
+        _writer.WriteDebugLocation(statement);
+
+        switch (statement)
+        {
+            case BoundAssignment assignment:
+                EmitAssignment(assignment);
+                break;
+            case BoundBreak:
+                EmitBreak();
+                break;
+            case BoundContinue:
+                EmitContinue();
+                break;
+            case BoundIf ifStatement:
+                EmitIf(ifStatement);
+                break;
+            case BoundReturn @return:
+                EmitReturn(@return);
+                break;
+            case BoundStatementExpression statementExpression:
+                EmitExpression(statementExpression.Expression);
+                break;
+            case BoundVariableDeclaration variableDeclaration:
+                EmitVariableDeclaration(variableDeclaration);
+                break;
+            case BoundWhile whileStatement:
+                EmitWhile(whileStatement);
+                break;
+            default:
+                throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException(nameof(statement));
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void EmitAssignment(BoundAssignment assignment)
+    {
+        var destination = EmitExpression(assignment.Target);
+        Debug.Assert(destination.Kind == ValKind.Pointer);
+        EmitCopyIntoOrInitialize(assignment.Value, destination.Name);
+    }
+
+    private void EmitBlock(BoundBlock block, List<Variable>? variables = null)
+    {
+        _variableScopes.Push(_variables.Count);
+        if (variables != null)
+        {
+            foreach (var variable in variables)
+            {
+                _variables.Push(variable);
+            }
+        }
+
+        foreach (var statement in block.Statements.Where(_ => _codeIsReachable))
+        {
+            EmitStatement(statement);
+        }
+
+        var count = _variableScopes.Pop();
+        while (_variableScopes.Count > count)
+        {
+            _variableScopes.Pop();
+        }
+
+        _codeIsReachable = true;
+    }
+
+    private void EmitBreak()
+    {
+        _writer.Indented($"jmp {_breakLabels.Peek()}");
+        _codeIsReachable = false;
+    }
+
+    private void EmitContinue()
+    {
+        _writer.Indented($"jmp {_continueLabels.Peek()}");
+        _codeIsReachable = false;
+    }
+
+    private void EmitIf(BoundIf ifStatement)
+    {
+        var trueLabel = LabelName();
+        var falseLabel = LabelName();
+        var endLabel = LabelName();
+
+        var result = EmitUnwrap(EmitExpression(ifStatement.Condition));
+        _writer.Indented($"jnz {result}, {trueLabel}, {falseLabel}");
+        _writer.WriteLine(trueLabel);
+        EmitBlock(ifStatement.Body);
+        _writer.Indented($"jmp {endLabel}");
+        _writer.WriteLine(falseLabel);
+        if (ifStatement.Else.HasValue)
+        {
+            ifStatement.Else.Value.Match
+            (
+                elseIfNode => EmitIf(elseIfNode),
+                elseNode => EmitBlock(elseNode)
+            );
+        }
+
+        _writer.WriteLine(endLabel);
+    }
+
+    private void EmitReturn(BoundReturn @return)
+    {
+        if (@return.Value.HasValue)
+        {
+            var result = EmitUnwrap(EmitExpression(@return.Value.Value));
+            _writer.Indented($"ret {result}");
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            _writer.Indented("ret");
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void EmitVariableDeclaration(BoundVariableDeclaration variableDeclaration)
+    {
+        var name = $"%{variableDeclaration.Name}";
+        _writer.Indented($"{name} =l alloc8 8");
+
+        if (variableDeclaration.Assignment.HasValue)
+        {
+            var value = EmitCreateCopyOrInitialize(variableDeclaration.Assignment.Value);
+            EmitStore(variableDeclaration.Assignment.Value.Type, value, name);
+        }
+
+        _variables.Push(new Variable(variableDeclaration.Name, new Val(name, variableDeclaration.Type, ValKind.Pointer)));
+    }
+
+    private void EmitWhile(BoundWhile whileStatement)
+    {
+        var conditionLabel = LabelName();
+        var iterationLabel = LabelName();
+        var endLabel = LabelName();
+
+        _breakLabels.Push(endLabel);
+        _continueLabels.Push(conditionLabel);
+
+        _writer.Indented($"jmp {conditionLabel}");
+        _writer.WriteLine(iterationLabel);
+        EmitBlock(whileStatement.Body);
+        _writer.WriteLine(conditionLabel);
+        var result = EmitUnwrap(EmitExpression(whileStatement.Condition));
+        _writer.Indented($"jnz {result}, {iterationLabel}, {endLabel}");
+        _writer.WriteLine(endLabel);
+
+        _continueLabels.Pop();
+        _breakLabels.Pop();
+    }
+}

src/compiler/NubLang/Generation/QBE/QBEGenerator.cs

@@ -1,41 +1,42 @@
 using System.Diagnostics;
 using System.Diagnostics.CodeAnalysis;
-using System.Globalization;
 using System.Text;
 using NubLang.Syntax.Binding.Node;
 using NubLang.Syntax.Tokenization;
 
 namespace NubLang.Generation.QBE;
 
-public static class QBEGenerator
+public partial class QBEGenerator
 {
-    private static BoundSyntaxTree _syntaxTree = null!;
-    private static BoundDefinitionTable _definitionTable = null!;
+    private readonly BoundSyntaxTree _syntaxTree;
+    private readonly BoundDefinitionTable _definitionTable;
+    private readonly QBEWriter _writer;
 
-    private static QBEWriter _writer = null!;
-    private static List<CStringLiteral> _cStringLiterals = [];
-    private static List<StringLiteral> _stringLiterals = [];
-    private static Stack<string> _breakLabels = [];
-    private static Stack<string> _continueLabels = [];
-    private static Queue<(BoundAnonymousFunc Func, string Name)> _anonymousFunctions = [];
-    private static Dictionary<BoundTraitFuncImpl, string> _implFunctions = [];
-    private static Stack<Variable> _variables = [];
-    private static Stack<int> _variableScopes = [];
-    private static int _tmpIndex;
-    private static int _labelIndex;
-    private static int _anonymousFuncIndex;
-    private static int _cStringLiteralIndex;
-    private static int _stringLiteralIndex;
-    private static int _implFuncNameIndex;
-    private static bool _codeIsReachable = true;
+    private List<CStringLiteral> _cStringLiterals = [];
+    private List<StringLiteral> _stringLiterals = [];
+    private Stack<string> _breakLabels = [];
+    private Stack<string> _continueLabels = [];
+    private Queue<(BoundAnonymousFunc Func, string Name)> _anonymousFunctions = [];
+    private Dictionary<BoundTraitFuncImpl, string> _implFunctions = [];
+    private Stack<Variable> _variables = [];
+    private Stack<int> _variableScopes = [];
+    private int _tmpIndex;
+    private int _labelIndex;
+    private int _anonymousFuncIndex;
+    private int _cStringLiteralIndex;
+    private int _stringLiteralIndex;
+    private int _implFuncNameIndex;
+    private bool _codeIsReachable = true;
 
-    public static string Emit(BoundSyntaxTree syntaxTree, BoundDefinitionTable definitionTable, string file)
+    public QBEGenerator(BoundSyntaxTree syntaxTree, BoundDefinitionTable definitionTable, string file)
     {
         _syntaxTree = syntaxTree;
         _definitionTable = definitionTable;
-
         _writer = new QBEWriter(file);
+    }
 
+    public string Emit()
+    {
         _cStringLiterals = [];
         _stringLiterals = [];
         _breakLabels = [];
@@ -96,52 +97,31 @@ public static class QBEGenerator
         return _writer.ToString();
     }
 
-    private static string TmpName()
+    private string QBEAssign(NubType type)
     {
-        return $"%t{++_tmpIndex}";
+        return type switch
+        {
+            NubComplexType => "=l",
+            NubSimpleType simpleType => simpleType switch
+            {
+                NubFuncType or NubFuncType => "=l",
+                NubPrimitiveType primitiveType => primitiveType.Kind switch
+                {
+                    PrimitiveTypeKind.I64 or PrimitiveTypeKind.U64 => "=l",
+                    PrimitiveTypeKind.I32 or PrimitiveTypeKind.U32 => "=w",
+                    PrimitiveTypeKind.I16 or PrimitiveTypeKind.U16 => "=w",
+                    PrimitiveTypeKind.I8 or PrimitiveTypeKind.U8 or PrimitiveTypeKind.Bool => "=w",
+                    PrimitiveTypeKind.F64 => "=d",
+                    PrimitiveTypeKind.F32 => "=s",
+                    _ => throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException()
+                },
+                _ => throw new NotSupportedException($"'{type}' type cannot be used in variables")
+            },
+            _ => throw new UnreachableException()
+        };
     }
 
-    private static string LabelName()
-    {
-        return $"@l{++_labelIndex}";
-    }
-
-    private static string CStringName()
-    {
-        return $"$cstring{++_cStringLiteralIndex}";
-    }
-
-    private static string StringName()
-    {
-        return $"$string{++_stringLiteralIndex}";
-    }
-
-    private static string LocalFuncName(BoundLocalFunc funcDef)
-    {
-        return funcDef.Exported ? $"${funcDef.Name}" : $"${funcDef.Namespace}_{funcDef.Name}";
-    }
-
-    private static string ExternFuncName(BoundExternFunc funcDef)
-    {
-        return $"${funcDef.CallName}";
-    }
-
-    private static string ImplFuncName()
-    {
-        return $"$impl{++_implFuncNameIndex}";
-    }
-
-    private static string CustomTypeName(NubCustomType customType)
-    {
-        return CustomTypeName(customType.Namespace, customType.Name);
-    }
-
-    private static string CustomTypeName(string @namespace, string name)
-    {
-        return $":{@namespace}_{name}";
-    }
-
-    private static void EmitStore(NubType type, string value, string destination)
+    private void EmitStore(NubType type, string value, string destination)
     {
         string store;
 
@@ -166,7 +146,7 @@ public static class QBEGenerator
         _writer.Indented($"{store} {value}, {destination}");
     }
 
-    private static Val EmitLoad(NubType type, string from)
+    private Val EmitLoad(NubType type, string from)
     {
         string load;
 
@@ -197,12 +177,12 @@ public static class QBEGenerator
         return new Val(into, type, ValKind.Direct);
     }
 
-    private static void EmitMemcpy(string source, string destination, string length)
+    private void EmitMemcpy(string source, string destination, string length)
     {
         _writer.Indented($"call $nub_memcpy(l {source}, l {destination}, l {length})");
     }
 
-    private static string EmitArraySizeInBytes(NubArrayType type, string array)
+    private string EmitArraySizeInBytes(NubArrayType type, string array)
     {
         var size = TmpName();
         _writer.Indented($"{size} =l loadl {array}");
@@ -211,7 +191,7 @@ public static class QBEGenerator
         return size;
     }
 
-    private static string EmitCStringSizeInBytes(string cstring)
+    private string EmitCStringSizeInBytes(string cstring)
     {
         var size = TmpName();
         _writer.Indented($"{size} =l call $nub_cstring_length(l {cstring})");
@@ -219,7 +199,7 @@ public static class QBEGenerator
         return size;
     }
 
-    private static string EmitStringSizeInBytes(string nubstring)
+    private string EmitStringSizeInBytes(string nubstring)
     {
         var size = TmpName();
         _writer.Indented($"{size} =l loadl {nubstring}");
@@ -227,7 +207,7 @@ public static class QBEGenerator
         return size;
     }
 
-    private static bool EmitTryMoveInto(BoundExpression source, string destinationPointer)
+    private bool EmitTryMoveInto(BoundExpression source, string destinationPointer)
     {
         switch (source)
         {
@@ -254,7 +234,7 @@ public static class QBEGenerator
         return false;
     }
 
-    private static void EmitCopyIntoOrInitialize(BoundExpression source, string destinationPointer)
+    private void EmitCopyIntoOrInitialize(BoundExpression source, string destinationPointer)
     {
         // If the source is a value which is not used yet such as an array/struct initializer or literal, we can skip copying
         if (EmitTryMoveInto(source, destinationPointer))
@@ -292,7 +272,7 @@ public static class QBEGenerator
         }
     }
 
-    private static bool EmitTryCreateWithoutCopy(BoundExpression source, [NotNullWhen(true)] out string? destination)
+    private bool EmitTryCreateWithoutCopy(BoundExpression source, [NotNullWhen(true)] out string? destination)
     {
         switch (source)
         {
@@ -309,7 +289,7 @@ public static class QBEGenerator
         return false;
     }
 
-    private static string EmitCreateCopyOrInitialize(BoundExpression source)
+    private string EmitCreateCopyOrInitialize(BoundExpression source)
     {
         // If the source is a value which is not used yet such as an array/struct initializer or literal, we can skip copying
         if (EmitTryCreateWithoutCopy(source, out var uncopiedValue))
@@ -340,32 +320,8 @@ public static class QBEGenerator
         return destination;
     }
 
-    private static string QBEAssign(NubType type)
-    {
-        return type switch
-        {
-            NubComplexType => "=l",
-            NubSimpleType simpleType => simpleType switch
-            {
-                NubFuncType or NubFuncType => "=l",
-                NubPrimitiveType primitiveType => primitiveType.Kind switch
-                {
-                    PrimitiveTypeKind.I64 or PrimitiveTypeKind.U64 => "=l",
-                    PrimitiveTypeKind.I32 or PrimitiveTypeKind.U32 => "=w",
-                    PrimitiveTypeKind.I16 or PrimitiveTypeKind.U16 => "=w",
-                    PrimitiveTypeKind.I8 or PrimitiveTypeKind.U8 or PrimitiveTypeKind.Bool => "=w",
-                    PrimitiveTypeKind.F64 => "=d",
-                    PrimitiveTypeKind.F32 => "=s",
-                    _ => throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException()
-                },
-                _ => throw new NotSupportedException($"'{type}' type cannot be used in variables")
-            },
-            _ => throw new UnreachableException()
-        };
-    }
-
     // Utility to create QBE type names for function parameters and return types
-    private static string FuncQBETypeName(NubType type)
+    private string FuncQBETypeName(NubType type)
     {
         if (type.IsSimpleType(out var simpleType, out var complexType))
         {
@@ -391,7 +347,7 @@ public static class QBEGenerator
         return "l";
     }
 
-    private static void EmitFuncDefinition(BoundNode debugNode, string name, List<BoundFuncParameter> parameters, NubType returnType, BoundBlock body, bool exported)
+    private void EmitFuncDefinition(BoundNode debugNode, string name, List<BoundFuncParameter> parameters, NubType returnType, BoundBlock body, bool exported)
     {
         _variables.Clear();
         _variableScopes.Clear();
@@ -435,7 +391,7 @@ public static class QBEGenerator
         _writer.EndFunction();
     }
 
-    private static void EmitStructDefinition(BoundStruct structDef)
+    private void EmitStructDefinition(BoundStruct structDef)
     {
         _writer.WriteLine($"type {CustomTypeName(structDef.Namespace, structDef.Name)} = {{ ");
 
@@ -481,7 +437,7 @@ public static class QBEGenerator
         }
     }
 
-    private static void EmitTraitVTable(BoundTrait traitDef)
+    private void EmitTraitVTable(BoundTrait traitDef)
     {
         _writer.WriteLine($"type {CustomTypeName(traitDef.Namespace, traitDef.Name)} = {{");
 
@@ -493,615 +449,7 @@ public static class QBEGenerator
         _writer.WriteLine("}");
     }
 
-    private static void EmitStatement(BoundStatement statement)
-    {
-        _writer.WriteDebugLocation(statement);
-
-        switch (statement)
-        {
-            case BoundAssignment assignment:
-                EmitAssignment(assignment);
-                break;
-            case BoundBreak:
-                EmitBreak();
-                break;
-            case BoundContinue:
-                EmitContinue();
-                break;
-            case BoundIf ifStatement:
-                EmitIf(ifStatement);
-                break;
-            case BoundReturn @return:
-                EmitReturn(@return);
-                break;
-            case BoundStatementExpression statementExpression:
-                EmitExpression(statementExpression.Expression);
-                break;
-            case BoundVariableDeclaration variableDeclaration:
-                EmitVariableDeclaration(variableDeclaration);
-                break;
-            case BoundWhile whileStatement:
-                EmitWhile(whileStatement);
-                break;
-            default:
-                throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException(nameof(statement));
-        }
-    }
-
-    private static void EmitAssignment(BoundAssignment assignment)
-    {
-        var destination = EmitExpression(assignment.Target);
-        Debug.Assert(destination.Kind == ValKind.Pointer);
-        EmitCopyIntoOrInitialize(assignment.Value, destination.Name);
-    }
-
-    private static void EmitBlock(BoundBlock block, List<Variable>? variables = null)
-    {
-        _variableScopes.Push(_variables.Count);
-        if (variables != null)
-        {
-            foreach (var variable in variables)
-            {
-                _variables.Push(variable);
-            }
-        }
-
-        foreach (var statement in block.Statements.Where(_ => _codeIsReachable))
-        {
-            EmitStatement(statement);
-        }
-
-        var count = _variableScopes.Pop();
-        while (_variableScopes.Count > count)
-        {
-            _variableScopes.Pop();
-        }
-
-        _codeIsReachable = true;
-    }
-
-    private static void EmitBreak()
-    {
-        _writer.Indented($"jmp {_breakLabels.Peek()}");
-        _codeIsReachable = false;
-    }
-
-    private static void EmitContinue()
-    {
-        _writer.Indented($"jmp {_continueLabels.Peek()}");
-        _codeIsReachable = false;
-    }
-
-    private static void EmitIf(BoundIf ifStatement)
-    {
-        var trueLabel = LabelName();
-        var falseLabel = LabelName();
-        var endLabel = LabelName();
-
-        var result = EmitUnwrap(EmitExpression(ifStatement.Condition));
-        _writer.Indented($"jnz {result}, {trueLabel}, {falseLabel}");
-        _writer.WriteLine(trueLabel);
-        EmitBlock(ifStatement.Body);
-        _writer.Indented($"jmp {endLabel}");
-        _writer.WriteLine(falseLabel);
-        if (ifStatement.Else.HasValue)
-        {
-            ifStatement.Else.Value.Match
-            (
-                elseIfNode => EmitIf(elseIfNode),
-                elseNode => EmitBlock(elseNode)
-            );
-        }
-
-        _writer.WriteLine(endLabel);
-    }
-
-    private static void EmitReturn(BoundReturn @return)
-    {
-        if (@return.Value.HasValue)
-        {
-            var result = EmitUnwrap(EmitExpression(@return.Value.Value));
-            _writer.Indented($"ret {result}");
-        }
-        else
-        {
-            _writer.Indented("ret");
-        }
-    }
-
-    private static void EmitVariableDeclaration(BoundVariableDeclaration variableDeclaration)
-    {
-        var name = $"%{variableDeclaration.Name}";
-        _writer.Indented($"{name} =l alloc8 8");
-
-        if (variableDeclaration.Assignment.HasValue)
-        {
-            var value = EmitCreateCopyOrInitialize(variableDeclaration.Assignment.Value);
-            EmitStore(variableDeclaration.Assignment.Value.Type, value, name);
-        }
-
-        _variables.Push(new Variable(variableDeclaration.Name, new Val(name, variableDeclaration.Type, ValKind.Pointer)));
-    }
-
-    private static void EmitWhile(BoundWhile whileStatement)
-    {
-        var conditionLabel = LabelName();
-        var iterationLabel = LabelName();
-        var endLabel = LabelName();
-
-        _breakLabels.Push(endLabel);
-        _continueLabels.Push(conditionLabel);
-
-        _writer.Indented($"jmp {conditionLabel}");
-        _writer.WriteLine(iterationLabel);
-        EmitBlock(whileStatement.Body);
-        _writer.WriteLine(conditionLabel);
-        var result = EmitUnwrap(EmitExpression(whileStatement.Condition));
-        _writer.Indented($"jnz {result}, {iterationLabel}, {endLabel}");
-        _writer.WriteLine(endLabel);
-
-        _continueLabels.Pop();
-        _breakLabels.Pop();
-    }
-
-    private static Val EmitExpression(BoundExpression expression)
-    {
-        _writer.WriteDebugLocation(expression);
-        return expression switch
-        {
-            BoundArrayInitializer arrayInitializer => EmitArrayInitializer(arrayInitializer),
-            BoundStructInitializer structInitializer => EmitStructInitializer(structInitializer),
-            BoundAddressOf addressOf => EmitAddressOf(addressOf),
-            BoundDereference dereference => EmitDereference(dereference),
-            BoundAnonymousFunc anonymousFunc => EmitAnonymousFunc(anonymousFunc),
-            BoundBinaryExpression binaryExpression => EmitBinaryExpression(binaryExpression),
-            BoundFuncCall funcCallExpression => EmitFuncCall(funcCallExpression),
-            BoundExternFuncIdent externFuncIdent => EmitExternFuncIdent(externFuncIdent),
-            BoundLocalFuncIdent localFuncIdent => EmitLocalFuncIdent(localFuncIdent),
-            BoundVariableIdent variableIdent => EmitVariableIdent(variableIdent),
-            BoundLiteral literal => EmitLiteral(literal),
-            BoundUnaryExpression unaryExpression => EmitUnaryExpression(unaryExpression),
-            BoundStructFieldAccess structFieldAccess => EmitStructFieldAccess(structFieldAccess),
-            BoundTraitFuncAccess traitFuncAccess => EmitTraitFuncAccess(traitFuncAccess),
-            BoundTraitImplFuncAccess traitImplFuncAccess => EmitTraitImplFuncAccess(traitImplFuncAccess),
-            BoundArrayIndexAccess arrayIndex => EmitArrayIndexAccess(arrayIndex),
-            _ => throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException(nameof(expression))
-        };
-    }
-
-    private static Val EmitAnonymousFunc(BoundAnonymousFunc anonymousFunc)
-    {
-        var name = $"$anon_func{++_anonymousFuncIndex}";
-        _anonymousFunctions.Enqueue((anonymousFunc, name));
-        return new Val(name, anonymousFunc.Type, ValKind.Direct);
-    }
-
-    private static Val EmitArrayIndexAccess(BoundArrayIndexAccess arrayIndexAccess)
-    {
-        var array = EmitUnwrap(EmitExpression(arrayIndexAccess.Target));
-        var index = EmitUnwrap(EmitExpression(arrayIndexAccess.Index));
-
-        EmitArrayBoundsCheck(array, index);
-
-        var elementType = ((NubArrayType)arrayIndexAccess.Target.Type).ElementType;
-
-        var pointer = TmpName();
-        _writer.Indented($"{pointer} =l mul {index}, {elementType.Size(_definitionTable)}");
-        _writer.Indented($"{pointer} =l add {pointer}, 8");
-        _writer.Indented($"{pointer} =l add {array}, {pointer}");
-        return new Val(pointer, arrayIndexAccess.Type, ValKind.Pointer);
-    }
-
-    private static void EmitArrayBoundsCheck(string array, string index)
-    {
-        var count = TmpName();
-        _writer.Indented($"{count} =l loadl {array}");
-
-        var isNegative = TmpName();
-        _writer.Indented($"{isNegative} =w csltl {index}, 0");
-
-        var isOob = TmpName();
-        _writer.Indented($"{isOob} =w csgel {index}, {count}");
-
-        var anyOob = TmpName();
-        _writer.Indented($"{anyOob} =w or {isNegative}, {isOob}");
-
-        var oobLabel = LabelName();
-        var notOobLabel = LabelName();
-        _writer.Indented($"jnz {anyOob}, {oobLabel}, {notOobLabel}");
-
-        _writer.Indented(oobLabel);
-        _writer.Indented($"call $nub_panic_array_oob()");
-
-        _writer.Indented(notOobLabel);
-    }
-
-    private static Val EmitArrayInitializer(BoundArrayInitializer arrayInitializer)
-    {
-        var capacity = EmitUnwrap(EmitExpression(arrayInitializer.Capacity));
-        var elementSize = arrayInitializer.ElementType.Size(_definitionTable);
-
-        var capacityInBytes = TmpName();
-        _writer.Indented($"{capacityInBytes} =l mul {capacity}, {elementSize}");
-        var totalSize = TmpName();
-        _writer.Indented($"{totalSize} =l add {capacityInBytes}, 8");
-
-        var arrayPointer = TmpName();
-        _writer.Indented($"{arrayPointer} =l alloc8 {totalSize}");
-        _writer.Indented($"storel {capacity}, {arrayPointer}");
-
-        var dataPointer = TmpName();
-        _writer.Indented($"{dataPointer} =l add {arrayPointer}, 8");
-        _writer.Indented($"call $nub_memset(l {dataPointer}, w 0, l {capacityInBytes})");
-
-        return new Val(arrayPointer, arrayInitializer.Type, ValKind.Direct);
-    }
-
-    private static Val EmitDereference(BoundDereference dereference)
-    {
-        return EmitLoad(dereference.Type, EmitUnwrap(EmitExpression(dereference.Expression)));
-    }
-
-    private static Val EmitAddressOf(BoundAddressOf addressOf)
-    {
-        var value = EmitExpression(addressOf.Expression);
-        if (value.Kind != ValKind.Pointer)
-        {
-            throw new UnreachableException("Tried to take address of non-pointer type. This should have been causht in the type checker");
-        }
-
-        return new Val(value.Name, addressOf.Type, ValKind.Direct);
-    }
-
-    private static Val EmitBinaryExpression(BoundBinaryExpression binaryExpression)
-    {
-        var left = EmitUnwrap(EmitExpression(binaryExpression.Left));
-        var right = EmitUnwrap(EmitExpression(binaryExpression.Right));
-
-        var outputName = TmpName();
-
-        var instruction = EmitBinaryInstructionFor(binaryExpression.Operator, binaryExpression.Left.Type, left, right);
-
-        _writer.Indented($"{outputName} {QBEAssign(binaryExpression.Left.Type)} {instruction} {left}, {right}");
-        return new Val(outputName, binaryExpression.Type, ValKind.Direct);
-    }
-
-    private static string EmitBinaryInstructionFor(BoundBinaryOperator op, NubType type, string left, string right)
-    {
-        if (op is
-            BoundBinaryOperator.Equal or
-            BoundBinaryOperator.NotEqual or
-            BoundBinaryOperator.GreaterThan or
-            BoundBinaryOperator.GreaterThanOrEqual or
-            BoundBinaryOperator.LessThan or
-            BoundBinaryOperator.LessThanOrEqual)
-        {
-            char suffix;
-
-            if (!type.IsSimpleType(out var simpleType, out _))
-            {
-                throw new NotSupportedException("Binary operations is only supported for simple types.");
-            }
-
-            switch (simpleType.StorageSize)
-            {
-                case StorageSize.I8:
-                    _writer.Indented($"{left} =w extsb {left}");
-                    _writer.Indented($"{right} =w extsb {right}");
-                    suffix = 'w';
-                    break;
-                case StorageSize.U8:
-                    _writer.Indented($"{left} =w extub {left}");
-                    _writer.Indented($"{right} =w extub {right}");
-                    suffix = 'w';
-                    break;
-                case StorageSize.I16:
-                    _writer.Indented($"{left} =w extsh {left}");
-                    _writer.Indented($"{right} =w extsh {right}");
-                    suffix = 'w';
-                    break;
-                case StorageSize.U16:
-                    _writer.Indented($"{left} =w extuh {left}");
-                    _writer.Indented($"{right} =w extuh {right}");
-                    suffix = 'w';
-                    break;
-                case StorageSize.I32 or StorageSize.U32:
-                    suffix = 'w';
-                    break;
-                case StorageSize.I64 or StorageSize.U64:
-                    suffix = 'l';
-                    break;
-                default:
-                    throw new NotSupportedException($"Unsupported type '{simpleType}' for binary operator '{op}'");
-            }
-
-            if (op is BoundBinaryOperator.Equal)
-            {
-                return "ceq" + suffix;
-            }
-
-            if (op is BoundBinaryOperator.NotEqual)
-            {
-                return "cne" + suffix;
-            }
-
-            string sign;
-
-            if (simpleType is NubPrimitiveType { Kind: PrimitiveTypeKind.I8 or PrimitiveTypeKind.I16 or PrimitiveTypeKind.I32 or PrimitiveTypeKind.I64 })
-            {
-                sign = "s";
-            }
-            else if (simpleType is NubPrimitiveType { Kind: PrimitiveTypeKind.U8 or PrimitiveTypeKind.U16 or PrimitiveTypeKind.U32 or PrimitiveTypeKind.U64 })
-            {
-                sign = "u";
-            }
-            else
-            {
-                throw new NotSupportedException($"Unsupported type '{type}' for binary operator '{op}'");
-            }
-
-            return op switch
-            {
-                BoundBinaryOperator.GreaterThan => 'c' + sign + "gt" + suffix,
-                BoundBinaryOperator.GreaterThanOrEqual => 'c' + sign + "ge" + suffix,
-                BoundBinaryOperator.LessThan => 'c' + sign + "lt" + suffix,
-                BoundBinaryOperator.LessThanOrEqual => 'c' + sign + "le" + suffix,
-                _ => throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException(nameof(op), op, null)
-            };
-        }
-
-        return op switch
-        {
-            BoundBinaryOperator.Plus => "add",
-            BoundBinaryOperator.Minus => "sub",
-            BoundBinaryOperator.Multiply => "mul",
-            BoundBinaryOperator.Divide => "div",
-            _ => throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException(nameof(op))
-        };
-    }
-
-    private static Val EmitExternFuncIdent(BoundExternFuncIdent externFuncIdent)
-    {
-        var func = _definitionTable.LookupExternFunc(externFuncIdent.Namespace, externFuncIdent.Name);
-        return new Val(ExternFuncName(func), externFuncIdent.Type, ValKind.Direct);
-    }
-
-    private static Val EmitLocalFuncIdent(BoundLocalFuncIdent localFuncIdent)
-    {
-        var func = _definitionTable.LookupExternFunc(localFuncIdent.Namespace, localFuncIdent.Name);
-        return new Val(ExternFuncName(func), localFuncIdent.Type, ValKind.Direct);
-    }
-
-    private static Val EmitVariableIdent(BoundVariableIdent variableIdent)
-    {
-        return _variables.Single(v => v.Name == variableIdent.Name).Val;
-    }
-
-    private static Val EmitLiteral(BoundLiteral literal)
-    {
-        switch (literal.Kind)
-        {
-            case LiteralKind.Integer:
-            {
-                if (literal.Type is NubPrimitiveType { Kind: PrimitiveTypeKind.F32 })
-                {
-                    var value = float.Parse(literal.Literal, CultureInfo.InvariantCulture);
-                    var bits = BitConverter.SingleToInt32Bits(value);
-                    return new Val(bits.ToString(), literal.Type, ValKind.Direct);
-                }
-
-                if (literal.Type is NubPrimitiveType { Kind: PrimitiveTypeKind.F64 })
-                {
-                    var value = double.Parse(literal.Literal, CultureInfo.InvariantCulture);
-                    var bits = BitConverter.DoubleToInt64Bits(value);
-                    return new Val(bits.ToString(), literal.Type, ValKind.Direct);
-                }
-
-                if (literal.Type is NubPrimitiveType { Kind: PrimitiveTypeKind.I8 or PrimitiveTypeKind.U8 or PrimitiveTypeKind.I16 or PrimitiveTypeKind.U16 or PrimitiveTypeKind.I32 or PrimitiveTypeKind.U32 or PrimitiveTypeKind.I64 or PrimitiveTypeKind.U64 })
-                {
-                    return new Val(literal.Literal, literal.Type, ValKind.Direct);
-                }
-
-                break;
-            }
-            case LiteralKind.Float:
-            {
-                if (literal.Type is NubPrimitiveType { Kind: PrimitiveTypeKind.I8 or PrimitiveTypeKind.U8 or PrimitiveTypeKind.I16 or PrimitiveTypeKind.U16 or PrimitiveTypeKind.I32 or PrimitiveTypeKind.U32 or PrimitiveTypeKind.I64 or PrimitiveTypeKind.U64 })
-                {
-                    return new Val(literal.Literal.Split(".").First(), literal.Type, ValKind.Direct);
-                }
-
-                if (literal.Type is NubPrimitiveType { Kind: PrimitiveTypeKind.F32 })
-                {
-                    var value = float.Parse(literal.Literal, CultureInfo.InvariantCulture);
-                    var bits = BitConverter.SingleToInt32Bits(value);
-                    return new Val(bits.ToString(), literal.Type, ValKind.Direct);
-                }
-
-                if (literal.Type is NubPrimitiveType { Kind: PrimitiveTypeKind.F64 })
-                {
-                    var value = double.Parse(literal.Literal, CultureInfo.InvariantCulture);
-                    var bits = BitConverter.DoubleToInt64Bits(value);
-                    return new Val(bits.ToString(), literal.Type, ValKind.Direct);
-                }
-
-                break;
-            }
-            case LiteralKind.String:
-            {
-                if (literal.Type is NubStringType)
-                {
-                    var stringLiteral = new StringLiteral(literal.Literal, StringName());
-                    _stringLiterals.Add(stringLiteral);
-                    return new Val(stringLiteral.Name, literal.Type, ValKind.Direct);
-                }
-
-                if (literal.Type is NubCStringType)
-                {
-                    var cStringLiteral = new CStringLiteral(literal.Literal, CStringName());
-                    _cStringLiterals.Add(cStringLiteral);
-                    return new Val(cStringLiteral.Name, literal.Type, ValKind.Direct);
-                }
-
-                break;
-            }
-            case LiteralKind.Bool:
-            {
-                if (literal.Type is NubPrimitiveType { Kind: PrimitiveTypeKind.Bool })
-                {
-                    return new Val(bool.Parse(literal.Literal) ? "1" : "0", literal.Type, ValKind.Direct);
-                }
-
-                break;
-            }
-        }
-
-        throw new NotSupportedException($"Cannot create literal of kind '{literal.Kind}' for type {literal.Type}");
-    }
-
-    private static Val EmitStructInitializer(BoundStructInitializer structInitializer, string? destination = null)
-    {
-        var @struct = _definitionTable.LookupStruct(structInitializer.StructType.Namespace, structInitializer.StructType.Name);
-
-        if (destination == null)
-        {
-            destination = TmpName();
-            var size = structInitializer.StructType.Size(_definitionTable);
-            _writer.Indented($"{destination} =l alloc8 {size}");
-        }
-
-        foreach (var field in @struct.Fields)
-        {
-            if (!structInitializer.Initializers.TryGetValue(field.Name, out var valueExpression))
-            {
-                valueExpression = field.Value.Value;
-            }
-
-            Debug.Assert(valueExpression != null);
-
-            var offset = TmpName();
-            _writer.Indented($"{offset} =l add {destination}, {OffsetOf(@struct, field.Name)}");
-            EmitCopyIntoOrInitialize(valueExpression, offset);
-        }
-
-        return new Val(destination, structInitializer.StructType, ValKind.Direct);
-    }
-
-    private static Val EmitUnaryExpression(BoundUnaryExpression unaryExpression)
-    {
-        var operand = EmitUnwrap(EmitExpression(unaryExpression.Operand));
-        var outputName = TmpName();
-
-        switch (unaryExpression.Operator)
-        {
-            case BoundUnaryOperator.Negate:
-            {
-                switch (unaryExpression.Operand.Type)
-                {
-                    case NubPrimitiveType { Kind: PrimitiveTypeKind.I64 }:
-                        _writer.Indented($"{outputName} =l neg {operand}");
-                        return new Val(outputName, unaryExpression.Type, ValKind.Direct);
-                    case NubPrimitiveType { Kind: PrimitiveTypeKind.I32 or PrimitiveTypeKind.I16 or PrimitiveTypeKind.I8 }:
-                        _writer.Indented($"{outputName} =w neg {operand}");
-                        return new Val(outputName, unaryExpression.Type, ValKind.Direct);
-                    case NubPrimitiveType { Kind: PrimitiveTypeKind.F64 }:
-                        _writer.Indented($"{outputName} =d neg {operand}");
-                        return new Val(outputName, unaryExpression.Type, ValKind.Direct);
-                    case NubPrimitiveType { Kind: PrimitiveTypeKind.F32 }:
-                        _writer.Indented($"{outputName} =s neg {operand}");
-                        return new Val(outputName, unaryExpression.Type, ValKind.Direct);
-                }
-
-                break;
-            }
-            case BoundUnaryOperator.Invert:
-            {
-                switch (unaryExpression.Operand.Type)
-                {
-                    case NubPrimitiveType { Kind: PrimitiveTypeKind.Bool }:
-                        _writer.Indented($"{outputName} =w xor {operand}, 1");
-                        return new Val(outputName, unaryExpression.Type, ValKind.Direct);
-                }
-
-                break;
-            }
-            default:
-            {
-                throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException();
-            }
-        }
-
-        throw new NotSupportedException($"Unary operator {unaryExpression.Operator} for type {unaryExpression.Operand.Type} not supported");
-    }
-
-    private static Val EmitStructFieldAccess(BoundStructFieldAccess structFieldAccess)
-    {
-        var target = EmitUnwrap(EmitExpression(structFieldAccess.Target));
-
-        var structDef = _definitionTable.LookupStruct(structFieldAccess.StructType.Namespace, structFieldAccess.StructType.Name);
-        var offset = OffsetOf(structDef, structFieldAccess.Field);
-
-        var output = TmpName();
-        _writer.Indented($"{output} =l add {target}, {offset}");
-
-        // If the accessed member is an inline struct, it will not be a pointer
-        if (structFieldAccess.Type is NubCustomType customType && customType.Kind(_definitionTable) == CustomTypeKind.Struct)
-        {
-            return new Val(output, structFieldAccess.Type, ValKind.Direct);
-        }
-
-        return new Val(output, structFieldAccess.Type, ValKind.Pointer);
-    }
-
-    private static Val EmitTraitFuncAccess(BoundTraitFuncAccess traitFuncAccess)
-    {
-        throw new NotImplementedException();
-    }
-
-    private static Val EmitTraitImplFuncAccess(BoundTraitImplFuncAccess traitImplFuncAccess)
-    {
-        var target = EmitExpression(traitImplFuncAccess.Target);
-
-        var funcImpl = _definitionTable.LookupTraitFuncImpl(traitImplFuncAccess.Target.Type, traitImplFuncAccess.FuncName);
-
-        var name = ImplFuncName();
-        _implFunctions.TryAdd(funcImpl, name);
-        return new Val(name, traitImplFuncAccess.Type, ValKind.Direct, new MethodCallContext(target));
-    }
-
-    private static Val EmitFuncCall(BoundFuncCall funcCall)
-    {
-        var expression = EmitExpression(funcCall.Expression);
-        var funcPointer = EmitUnwrap(expression);
-
-        var parameterStrings = new List<string>();
-
-        if (expression.FuncCallContext != null)
-        {
-            var thisArg = EmitUnwrap(expression.FuncCallContext.ThisArg);
-            parameterStrings.Add($"{FuncQBETypeName(expression.FuncCallContext.ThisArg.Type)} {thisArg}");
-        }
-
-        foreach (var parameter in funcCall.Parameters)
-        {
-            var copy = EmitCreateCopyOrInitialize(parameter);
-            parameterStrings.Add($"{FuncQBETypeName(parameter.Type)} {copy}");
-        }
-
-        if (funcCall.Type is NubVoidType)
-        {
-            _writer.Indented($"call {funcPointer}({string.Join(", ", parameterStrings)})");
-            return new Val(string.Empty, funcCall.Type, ValKind.Direct);
-        }
-        else
-        {
-            var outputName = TmpName();
-            _writer.Indented($"{outputName} {QBEAssign(funcCall.Type)} call {funcPointer}({string.Join(", ", parameterStrings)})");
-            return new Val(outputName, funcCall.Type, ValKind.Direct);
-        }
-    }
-
-    private static string EmitUnwrap(Val val)
+    private string EmitUnwrap(Val val)
     {
         return val.Kind switch
         {
@@ -1111,7 +459,7 @@ public static class QBEGenerator
         };
     }
 
-    private static int OffsetOf(BoundStruct structDefinition, string member)
+    private int OffsetOf(BoundStruct structDefinition, string member)
     {
         var offset = 0;
 
@@ -1130,6 +478,55 @@ public static class QBEGenerator
 
         throw new UnreachableException($"Member '{member}' not found in struct");
     }
+
+    #region Naming utilities
+
+    private string TmpName()
+    {
+        return $"%t{++_tmpIndex}";
+    }
+
+    private string LabelName()
+    {
+        return $"@l{++_labelIndex}";
+    }
+
+    private string CStringName()
+    {
+        return $"$cstring{++_cStringLiteralIndex}";
+    }
+
+    private string StringName()
+    {
+        return $"$string{++_stringLiteralIndex}";
+    }
+
+    private string LocalFuncName(BoundLocalFunc funcDef)
+    {
+        return funcDef.Exported ? $"${funcDef.Name}" : $"${funcDef.Namespace}_{funcDef.Name}";
+    }
+
+    private string ExternFuncName(BoundExternFunc funcDef)
+    {
+        return $"${funcDef.CallName}";
+    }
+
+    private string ImplFuncName()
+    {
+        return $"$impl{++_implFuncNameIndex}";
+    }
+
+    private string CustomTypeName(NubCustomType customType)
+    {
+        return CustomTypeName(customType.Namespace, customType.Name);
+    }
+
+    private string CustomTypeName(string @namespace, string name)
+    {
+        return $":{@namespace}_{name}";
+    }
+
+    #endregion
 }
 
 internal class StringLiteral(string value, string name)