...

example/c.nub

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
 namespace c
 
-// extern func printf(fmt: ^u8, ...args: any): void
+extern func printf(fmt: cstring, arg: u64): void
 extern func puts(fmt: cstring)

example/main.nub

@@ -5,35 +5,39 @@ struct Human {
 }
 
 export func main(args: []cstring): i64 {
-    let human: Human
+    // let human: Human
 
-    human = alloc Human {
+    // human = alloc Human {
-        name = "member"
+    //     name = "member"
-    }
+    // }
 
-    c::puts(human.name)
+    // c::puts(human.name)
 
-    c::puts("literal")
+    // c::puts("literal")
 
-    let x: cstring
+    // let x: cstring
 
-    x = "variable"
+    // x = "variable"
 
-    c::puts(x)
+    // c::puts(x)
 
-    let y: func(cstring)
+    // let y: func(cstring)
 
-    y = c::puts
+    // y = c::puts
 
-    y("proxy")
+    // y("proxy")
 
-    func(){ c::puts("anon") }()
+    // func(){ c::puts("anon") }()
 
-    let z: func()
+    // let z: func()
 
-    z = func() { c::puts("anon variable") }
+    // z = func() { c::puts("anon variable") }
 
-    z()
+    // z()
+
+    c::printf("%d\n", "test".count)
+
+    // c::puts("test")
 
     return 0
 }

src/CLI/CLI.csproj

@@ -14,13 +14,11 @@
       <ProjectReference Include="..\Syntax\Syntax.csproj" />
     </ItemGroup>
 
-    <ItemGroup>
-    </ItemGroup>
-
     <ItemGroup>
       <EmbeddedResource Include="Runtime\entry.s" />
       <EmbeddedResource Include="Runtime\nub_mem.s" />
       <EmbeddedResource Include="Runtime\nub_panic.s" />
+      <EmbeddedResource Include="Runtime\nub_cstring.s" />
       <EmbeddedResource Include="Runtime\nub_string.s" />
     </ItemGroup>
 

src/CLI/Runtime/nub_cstring.s

@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+.intel_syntax noprefix
+
+.text
+.globl nub_cstring_length
+# func nub_cstring_length(string: cstring): u64
+nub_cstring_length:
+    xor rax, rax
+
+count_loop:
+    cmp byte ptr [rdi + rax], 0
+    je done
+
+    inc rax
+    jmp count_loop
+
+done:
+    ret

src/CLI/Runtime/nub_mem.s

@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@
 nub_memcpy:
     mov rcx, rdx
     rep movsb
+    ret
 
 .text
 .globl nub_memset

src/CLI/Runtime/nub_string.s

@@ -1,80 +1,32 @@
 .intel_syntax noprefix
 
-.equ SYS_MMAP, 9
-
 .text
-.globl nub_strlen
+.globl nub_string_length
-# func nub_strlen(string: cstring): u64
+# func nub_string_length(string: string): u64
-nub_strlen:
+nub_string_length:
-    test rdi, rdi
+    mov rsi, [rdi]  # Length of string in bytes
-    jz null_string
+    
-    xor rax, rax
+    add rdi, 8      # Start of bytes
-strlen_loop:
+    xor rax, rax    # Character count
-    cmp byte ptr [rdi + rax], 0
+    xor rdx, rdx    # Current byte position
-    je strlen_exit
+    
+    test rsi, rsi
+    jz _done
+    
+_count_loop:
+    cmp rdx, rsi
+    jge _done
+    
+    mov dl, [rdi + rdx]
+    and dl, 0b11000000
+    cmp dl, 0b10000000
+    je _skip_byte
+    
     inc rax
-    jmp strlen_loop
+    
-null_string:
+_skip_byte:
-    xor rax, rax
+    inc rdx
-strlen_exit:
+    jmp _count_loop
-    ret
+    
-
+_done:
-.text
-.globl nub_cstring_to_string
-# func nub_cstring_to_string(string: cstring): []u8
-nub_cstring_to_string:
-    push rbx
-    push r12
-    push r13
-
-    mov rbx, rdi            # Save original pointer
-    call nub_strlen
-    mov r12, rax            # r12 = string length
-
-    # Calculate total space needed: 8 bytes (length) + string length
-    mov r13, r12
-    add r13, 8              # r13 = total bytes needed
-
-    # Round up to page size (4096 bytes) for mmap
-    add r13, 4095           # Add page_size - 1
-    and r13, -4096          # Align to page boundary
-
-    mov rax, SYS_MMAP
-    xor rdi, rdi            # addr = 0 (let kernel choose)
-    mov rsi, r13            # length = aligned size
-    mov rdx, 3              # prot = PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE
-    mov r10, 34             # flags = MAP_PRIVATE | MAP_ANONYMOUS (0x22)
-    mov r8, -1              # fd = -1
-    xor r9, r9              # offset = 0
-    syscall
-
-    # Check if mmap failed
-    cmp rax, -1
-    je mmap_failed
-
-    mov r13, rax            # r13 = pointer to mapped memory
-
-    # Store length at beginning of mapped memory
-    mov [r13], r12          # Store string length
-
-    # Copy string data if not empty
-    test r12, r12           # Check if length is 0
-    jz copy_done
-
-    lea rdi, [r13 + 8]
-    mov rsi, rbx
-    mov rcx, r12
-    call nub_memcpy
-
-copy_done:
-    mov rax, r13
-    jmp function_exit
-
-mmap_failed:
-    xor rax, rax
-
-function_exit:
-    pop r13
-    pop r12
-    pop rbx
     ret

src/Generation/QBE/QBEGenerator.cs

@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@ public static class QBEGenerator
 
     private static StringBuilder _builder = new();
     private static List<CStringLiteral> _cStringLiterals = [];
+    private static List<StringLiteral> _stringLiterals = [];
     private static Stack<string> _breakLabels = [];
     private static Stack<string> _continueLabels = [];
     private static Queue<(BoundAnonymousFuncNode Func, string Name)> _anonymousFunctions = [];
@@ -25,6 +26,7 @@ public static class QBEGenerator
     private static int _labelIndex;
     private static int _anonymousFuncIndex;
     private static int _cStringLiteralIndex;
+    private static int _stringLiteralIndex;
     private static bool _codeIsReachable = true;
 
     public static string Emit(BoundSyntaxTree syntaxTree, BoundDefinitionTable definitionTable)
@@ -34,6 +36,7 @@ public static class QBEGenerator
 
         _builder = new StringBuilder();
         _cStringLiterals = [];
+        _stringLiterals = [];
         _breakLabels = [];
         _continueLabels = [];
         _anonymousFunctions = [];
@@ -43,6 +46,7 @@ public static class QBEGenerator
         _labelIndex = 0;
         _anonymousFuncIndex = 0;
         _cStringLiteralIndex = 0;
+        _stringLiteralIndex = 0;
         _codeIsReachable = true;
 
         foreach (var structDef in _definitionTable.GetStructs())
@@ -68,6 +72,12 @@ public static class QBEGenerator
             _builder.AppendLine($"data {cStringLiteral.Name} = {{ b \"{cStringLiteral.Value}\", b 0 }}");
         }
 
+        foreach (var stringLiteral in _stringLiterals)
+        {
+            var bytes = Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes(stringLiteral.Value).Select(b => $"b {b}");
+            _builder.AppendLine($"data {stringLiteral.Name} = {{ l {stringLiteral.Value.Length}, {string.Join(", ", bytes)} }}");
+        }
+
         return _builder.ToString();
     }
 
@@ -86,6 +96,11 @@ public static class QBEGenerator
         return $"$cstring{++_cStringLiteralIndex}";
     }
 
+    private static string StringName()
+    {
+        return $"$string{++_stringLiteralIndex}";
+    }
+
     private static string FuncName(BoundFuncDefinition funcDef)
     {
         return funcDef switch
@@ -128,6 +143,7 @@ public static class QBEGenerator
             NubFixedArrayType => "storel",
             NubFuncType => "storel",
             NubCStringType => "storel",
+            NubStringType => "storel",
             _ => throw new NotSupportedException($"'{type}' type cannot be used in store instructions")
         };
     }
@@ -157,6 +173,7 @@ public static class QBEGenerator
             NubFixedArrayType => "loadl",
             NubFuncType => "loadl",
             NubCStringType => "loadl",
+            NubStringType => "loadl",
             _ => throw new NotSupportedException($"'{type}' type cannot be used in load instructions")
         };
     }
@@ -186,6 +203,7 @@ public static class QBEGenerator
             NubFixedArrayType => "=l",
             NubFuncType => "=l",
             NubCStringType => "=l",
+            NubStringType => "=l",
             _ => throw new NotSupportedException($"'{type}' type cannot be used in variables")
         };
     }
@@ -213,6 +231,7 @@ public static class QBEGenerator
             case NubPointerType:
             case NubArrayType:
             case NubCStringType:
+            case NubStringType:
             case NubFuncType:
             {
                 return 8;
@@ -241,12 +260,10 @@ public static class QBEGenerator
             {
                 return primitiveType.Kind switch
                 {
-                    PrimitiveTypeKind.I64 or PrimitiveTypeKind.U64 => 8,
+                    PrimitiveTypeKind.I64 or PrimitiveTypeKind.U64 or PrimitiveTypeKind.F64 => 8,
-                    PrimitiveTypeKind.I32 or PrimitiveTypeKind.U32 or PrimitiveTypeKind.Bool => 4,
+                    PrimitiveTypeKind.I32 or PrimitiveTypeKind.U32 or PrimitiveTypeKind.F32 or PrimitiveTypeKind.Bool => 4,
                     PrimitiveTypeKind.I16 or PrimitiveTypeKind.U16 => 2,
                     PrimitiveTypeKind.I8 or PrimitiveTypeKind.U8 => 1,
-                    PrimitiveTypeKind.F64 => 8,
-                    PrimitiveTypeKind.F32 => 4,
                     _ => throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException()
                 };
             }
@@ -273,6 +290,7 @@ public static class QBEGenerator
             case NubPointerType:
             case NubArrayType:
             case NubCStringType:
+            case NubStringType:
             case NubFuncType:
             {
                 return 8;
@@ -354,6 +372,7 @@ public static class QBEGenerator
                 NubFixedArrayType => "l",
                 NubFuncType => "l",
                 NubCStringType => "l",
+                NubStringType => "l",
                 _ => throw new NotSupportedException($"'{returnType}' type cannot be used as a function return type")
             });
             _builder.Append(' ');
@@ -386,6 +405,7 @@ public static class QBEGenerator
                 NubFixedArrayType => "l",
                 NubFuncType => "l",
                 NubCStringType => "l",
+                NubStringType => "l",
                 _ => throw new NotSupportedException($"'{parameter.Type}' type cannot be used as a function parameter type")
             };
 
@@ -424,7 +444,7 @@ public static class QBEGenerator
                 }
             }
 
-            parameterVars.Add(new Variable(parameter.Name, new Val(parameterName, parameter.Type)));
+            parameterVars.Add(new Variable(parameter.Name, new Val(parameterName, parameter.Type, ValKind.Immediate)));
         }
 
         EmitBlock(body, parameterVars);
@@ -468,6 +488,7 @@ public static class QBEGenerator
                 NubFixedArrayType fixedArrayType => $"b {SizeOf(fixedArrayType)}",
                 NubFuncType => "l",
                 NubCStringType => "l",
+                NubStringType => "l",
                 _ => throw new NotSupportedException($"'{structDefinitionField.Type}' type cannot be used in structs")
             };
             _builder.Append(qbeType + ", ");
@@ -657,7 +678,7 @@ public static class QBEGenerator
     {
         var tmp = VarName();
         _builder.AppendLine($"    {tmp} =l alloc8 {SizeOf(variableDeclaration.Type)}");
-        _variables.Push(new Variable(variableDeclaration.Name, new Val(tmp, variableDeclaration.Type)));
+        _variables.Push(new Variable(variableDeclaration.Name, new Val(tmp, variableDeclaration.Type, ValKind.Pointer)));
     }
 
     private static void EmitVariableAssignment(BoundVariableAssignmentNode variableAssignment)
@@ -741,7 +762,7 @@ public static class QBEGenerator
         var pointer = EmitArrayIndexPointer(arrayIndexAccess);
         var outputName = VarName();
         _builder.AppendLine($"    {outputName} {QBEAssign(arrayIndexAccess.Type)} {QBELoad(arrayIndexAccess.Type)} {pointer}");
-        return new Val(outputName, arrayIndexAccess.Type);
+        return new Val(outputName, arrayIndexAccess.Type, ValKind.Immediate);
     }
 
     private static void EmitArrayBoundsCheck(string array, string index)
@@ -786,7 +807,7 @@ public static class QBEGenerator
         _builder.AppendLine($"    {dataPointer} =l add {arrayPointer}, 8");
         _builder.AppendLine($"    call $nub_memset(l {dataPointer}, w 0, l {capacityInBytes})");
 
-        return new Val(arrayPointer, arrayInitializer.Type);
+        return new Val(arrayPointer, arrayInitializer.Type, ValKind.Immediate);
     }
 
     private static Val EmitDereference(BoundDereferenceNode dereference)
@@ -794,7 +815,7 @@ public static class QBEGenerator
         var result = EmitUnwrap(EmitExpression(dereference.Expression));
         var outputName = VarName();
         _builder.AppendLine($"    {outputName} {QBEAssign(dereference.Type)} {QBELoad(dereference.Type)} {result}");
-        return new Val(outputName, dereference.Type);
+        return new Val(outputName, dereference.Type, ValKind.Immediate);
     }
 
     private static Val EmitAddressOf(BoundAddressOfNode addressOf)
@@ -802,22 +823,27 @@ public static class QBEGenerator
         switch (addressOf.Expression)
         {
             case BoundArrayIndexAccessNode arrayIndexAccess:
+            {
                 var pointer = EmitArrayIndexPointer(arrayIndexAccess);
-                return new Val(pointer, addressOf.Type);
+                return new Val(pointer, addressOf.Type, ValKind.Immediate);
+            }
             case BoundDereferenceNode dereference:
+            {
                 return EmitExpression(dereference.Expression);
+            }
             case BoundIdentifierNode identifier:
+            {
                 if (identifier.Namespace.HasValue)
                 {
                     throw new NotSupportedException("There is nothing to address in another namespace");
                 }
 
                 return _variables.Single(x => x.Name == identifier.Name).Val;
-            case BoundMemberAccessNode memberAccess:
+            }
-                var ptr = EmitMemberAccessPointer(memberAccess);
-                return new Val(ptr, addressOf.Type);
             default:
+            {
                 throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException();
+            }
         }
     }
 
@@ -826,7 +852,7 @@ public static class QBEGenerator
         var left = EmitUnwrap(EmitExpression(binaryExpression.Left));
         var right = EmitUnwrap(EmitExpression(binaryExpression.Right));
         var outputName = VarName();
-        var output = new Val(outputName, binaryExpression.Type);
+        var output = new Val(outputName, binaryExpression.Type, ValKind.Immediate);
 
         switch (binaryExpression.Operator)
         {
@@ -1052,44 +1078,80 @@ public static class QBEGenerator
 
     private static Val EmitLiteral(BoundLiteralNode literal)
     {
-        if (literal.Type.IsInteger)
-        {
-            switch (literal.Kind)
-            {
-                case LiteralKind.Integer:
-                    return new Val(literal.Literal, literal.Type, ValKind.Literal);
-                case LiteralKind.Float:
-                    return new Val(literal.Literal.Split(".").First(), literal.Type, ValKind.Literal);
-                default:
-                    throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException();
-            }
-        }
-
-        if (literal.Type.IsFloat64)
-        {
-            var value = double.Parse(literal.Literal, CultureInfo.InvariantCulture);
-            var bits = BitConverter.DoubleToInt64Bits(value);
-            return new Val(bits.ToString(), literal.Type, ValKind.Literal);
-        }
-
-        if (literal.Type.IsFloat32)
-        {
-            var value = float.Parse(literal.Literal, CultureInfo.InvariantCulture);
-            var bits = BitConverter.SingleToInt32Bits(value);
-            return new Val(bits.ToString(), literal.Type, ValKind.Literal);
-        }
-
         switch (literal.Kind)
         {
+            case LiteralKind.Integer:
+            {
+                if (literal.Type.IsFloat32)
+                {
+                    var value = float.Parse(literal.Literal, CultureInfo.InvariantCulture);
+                    var bits = BitConverter.SingleToInt32Bits(value);
+                    return new Val(bits.ToString(), literal.Type, ValKind.Immediate);
+                }
+
+                if (literal.Type.IsFloat64)
+                {
+                    var value = double.Parse(literal.Literal, CultureInfo.InvariantCulture);
+                    var bits = BitConverter.DoubleToInt64Bits(value);
+                    return new Val(bits.ToString(), literal.Type, ValKind.Immediate);
+                }
+
+                if (literal.Type.IsInteger)
+                {
+                    return new Val(literal.Literal, literal.Type, ValKind.Immediate);
+                }
+                break;
+            }
+            case LiteralKind.Float:
+            {
+                if (literal.Type.IsInteger)
+                {
+                    return new Val(literal.Literal.Split(".").First(), literal.Type, ValKind.Immediate);
+                }
+
+                if (literal.Type.IsFloat32)
+                {
+                    var value = float.Parse(literal.Literal, CultureInfo.InvariantCulture);
+                    var bits = BitConverter.SingleToInt32Bits(value);
+                    return new Val(bits.ToString(), literal.Type, ValKind.Immediate);
+                }
+
+                if (literal.Type.IsFloat64)
+                {
+                    var value = double.Parse(literal.Literal, CultureInfo.InvariantCulture);
+                    var bits = BitConverter.DoubleToInt64Bits(value);
+                    return new Val(bits.ToString(), literal.Type, ValKind.Immediate);
+                }
+                break;
+            }
             case LiteralKind.String:
-                var cStringLiteral = new CStringLiteral(literal.Literal, CStringName());
+            {
-                _cStringLiterals.Add(cStringLiteral);
+                if (literal.Type.IsString)
-                return new Val(cStringLiteral.Name, literal.Type, ValKind.Literal);
+                {
+                    var stringLiteral = new StringLiteral(literal.Literal, StringName());
+                    _stringLiterals.Add(stringLiteral);
+                    return new Val(stringLiteral.Name, literal.Type, ValKind.Immediate);
+                }
+
+                if (literal.Type.IsCString)
+                {
+                    var cStringLiteral = new CStringLiteral(literal.Literal, CStringName());
+                    _cStringLiterals.Add(cStringLiteral);
+                    return new Val(cStringLiteral.Name, literal.Type, ValKind.Immediate);
+                }
+                break;
+            }
             case LiteralKind.Bool:
-                return new Val(bool.Parse(literal.Literal) ? "1" : "0", literal.Type, ValKind.Literal);
+            {
-            default:
+                if (literal.Type.IsBool)
-                throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException();
+                {
+                    return new Val(bool.Parse(literal.Literal) ? "1" : "0", literal.Type, ValKind.Immediate);
+                }
+                break;
+            }
         }
+        
+        throw new NotSupportedException($"Cannot create literal of kind '{literal.Kind}' for type {literal.Type}");
     }
 
     private static Val EmitStructInitializer(BoundStructInitializerNode structInitializer)
@@ -1124,7 +1186,7 @@ public static class QBEGenerator
             }
         }
 
-        return new Val(output, structInitializer.StructType);
+        return new Val(output, structInitializer.StructType, ValKind.Immediate);
     }
 
     private static Val EmitUnaryExpression(BoundUnaryExpressionNode unaryExpression)
@@ -1140,16 +1202,16 @@ public static class QBEGenerator
                 {
                     case NubPrimitiveType { Kind: PrimitiveTypeKind.I64 }:
                         _builder.AppendLine($"    {outputName} =l neg {operand}");
-                        return new Val(outputName, unaryExpression.Type);
+                        return new Val(outputName, unaryExpression.Type, ValKind.Immediate);
                     case NubPrimitiveType { Kind: PrimitiveTypeKind.I32 or PrimitiveTypeKind.I16 or PrimitiveTypeKind.I8 }:
                         _builder.AppendLine($"    {outputName} =w neg {operand}");
-                        return new Val(outputName, unaryExpression.Type);
+                        return new Val(outputName, unaryExpression.Type, ValKind.Immediate);
                     case NubPrimitiveType { Kind: PrimitiveTypeKind.F64 }:
                         _builder.AppendLine($"    {outputName} =d neg {operand}");
-                        return new Val(outputName, unaryExpression.Type);
+                        return new Val(outputName, unaryExpression.Type, ValKind.Immediate);
                     case NubPrimitiveType { Kind: PrimitiveTypeKind.F32 }:
                         _builder.AppendLine($"    {outputName} =s neg {operand}");
-                        return new Val(outputName, unaryExpression.Type);
+                        return new Val(outputName, unaryExpression.Type, ValKind.Immediate);
                 }
 
                 break;
@@ -1160,7 +1222,7 @@ public static class QBEGenerator
                 {
                     case NubPrimitiveType { Kind: PrimitiveTypeKind.Bool }:
                         _builder.AppendLine($"    {outputName} =w xor {operand}, 1");
-                        return new Val(outputName, unaryExpression.Type);
+                        return new Val(outputName, unaryExpression.Type, ValKind.Immediate);
                 }
 
                 break;
@@ -1174,43 +1236,50 @@ public static class QBEGenerator
         throw new NotSupportedException($"Unary operator {unaryExpression.Operator} for type {unaryExpression.Operand.Type} not supported");
     }
 
-    private static string EmitMemberAccessPointer(BoundMemberAccessNode memberAccess)
+    private static Val EmitMemberAccess(BoundMemberAccessNode memberAccess)
     {
         var item = EmitUnwrap(EmitExpression(memberAccess.Expression));
+        var output = VarName();
+
         switch (memberAccess.Expression.Type)
         {
             case NubArrayType:
             {
                 if (memberAccess.Member == "count")
                 {
-                    return item;
+                    _builder.AppendLine($"    {output} =l loadl {item}");
+                    break;
                 }
-
+            
-                throw new UnreachableException(nameof(memberAccess.Member));
+                throw new UnreachableException();
+            }
+            case NubStringType:
+            {
+                _builder.AppendLine($"    {output} =l call $nub_string_length(l {item})");
+                break;
+            }
+            case NubCStringType:
+            {
+                _builder.AppendLine($"    {output} =l call $nub_cstring_length(l {item})");
+                break;
             }
             case NubStructType structType:
             {
                 var structDefinition = _definitionTable.LookupStruct(structType.Namespace, structType.Name).GetValue();
                 var offset = OffsetOf(structDefinition, memberAccess.Member);
-
+            
                 var offsetName = VarName();
                 _builder.AppendLine($"    {offsetName} =l add {item}, {offset}");
-                return offsetName;
+                _builder.AppendLine($"    {output} {QBEAssign(memberAccess.Type)} {QBELoad(memberAccess.Type)} {item}");
+                break;
             }
             default:
             {
-                throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException(nameof(memberAccess.Expression.Type));
+                throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException();
             }
         }
-    }
+        
-
+        return new Val(output, memberAccess.Type, ValKind.Immediate);
-    private static Val EmitMemberAccess(BoundMemberAccessNode memberAccess)
-    {
-        var pointer = EmitMemberAccessPointer(memberAccess);
-
-        var output = VarName();
-        _builder.AppendLine($"    {output} {QBEAssign(memberAccess.Type)} {QBELoad(memberAccess.Type)} {pointer}");
-        return new Val(output, memberAccess.Type);
     }
 
     private static Val EmitFixedArrayInitializer(BoundFixedArrayInitializerNode fixedArrayInitializer)
@@ -1227,7 +1296,7 @@ public static class QBEGenerator
         var dataSize = totalSize - 8;
         _builder.AppendLine($"    call $nub_memset(l {dataPtr}, w 0, l {dataSize})");
 
-        return new Val(outputName, fixedArrayInitializer.Type);
+        return new Val(outputName, fixedArrayInitializer.Type, ValKind.Immediate);
     }
 
     private static Val EmitFuncCall(BoundFuncCallNode funcCall)
@@ -1264,6 +1333,7 @@ public static class QBEGenerator
                 NubFixedArrayType => "l",
                 NubFuncType => "l",
                 NubCStringType => "l",
+                NubStringType => "l",
                 _ => throw new NotSupportedException($"'{parameter.Type}' type cannot be used in function calls")
             };
             parameterStrings.Add($"{qbeType} {result}");
@@ -1275,12 +1345,12 @@ public static class QBEGenerator
         {
             var outputName = VarName();
             _builder.AppendLine($"    {outputName} {QBEAssign(funcCall.Type)} call {funcPointer}({string.Join(", ", parameterStrings)})");
-            return new Val(outputName, funcCall.Type);
+            return new Val(outputName, funcCall.Type, ValKind.Immediate);
         }
         else
         {
             _builder.AppendLine($"    call {funcPointer}({string.Join(", ", parameterStrings)})");
-            return new Val(string.Empty, funcCall.Type);
+            return new Val(string.Empty, funcCall.Type, ValKind.Immediate);
         }
     }
 
@@ -1306,9 +1376,9 @@ public static class QBEGenerator
         switch (val.Kind)
         {
             case ValKind.Func:
-            case ValKind.Literal:
+            case ValKind.Immediate:
                 return val.Name;
-            case ValKind.Variable:
+            case ValKind.Pointer:
                 if (IsPointerType(val.Type))
                 {
                     return val.Name;
@@ -1325,6 +1395,12 @@ public static class QBEGenerator
     }
 }
 
+internal class StringLiteral(string value, string name)
+{
+    public string Value { get; } = value;
+    public string Name { get; } = name;
+}
+
 internal class CStringLiteral(string value, string name)
 {
     public string Value { get; } = value;
@@ -1337,7 +1413,7 @@ internal class Variable(string name, Val val)
     public Val Val { get; } = val;
 }
 
-internal class Val(string name, NubType type, ValKind kind = ValKind.Variable)
+internal class Val(string name, NubType type, ValKind kind)
 {
     public string Name { get; } = name;
     public NubType Type { get; } = type;
@@ -1352,6 +1428,6 @@ internal class Val(string name, NubType type, ValKind kind = ValKind.Variable)
 internal enum ValKind
 {
     Func,
-    Variable,
+    Pointer,
-    Literal
+    Immediate
 }

src/Syntax/Parsing/Node/Expression.cs

@@ -39,6 +39,6 @@ public record AnonymousFuncNode(IEnumerable<Token> Tokens, List<FuncParameter> P
 public record AddressOfNode(IEnumerable<Token> Tokens, LValueNode Expression) : ExpressionNode(Tokens);
 public record FixedArrayInitializerNode(IEnumerable<Token> Tokens, NubType ElementType, int Capacity) : ExpressionNode(Tokens);
 public record LiteralNode(IEnumerable<Token> Tokens, string Literal, LiteralKind Kind) : ExpressionNode(Tokens);
-public record MemberAccessNode(IEnumerable<Token> Tokens, ExpressionNode Expression, string Member) : LValueNode(Tokens);
+public record MemberAccessNode(IEnumerable<Token> Tokens, ExpressionNode Expression, string Member) : ExpressionNode(Tokens);
 public record StructInitializerNode(IEnumerable<Token> Tokens, NubStructType StructType, Dictionary<string, ExpressionNode> Initializers) : ExpressionNode(Tokens);
 public record DereferenceNode(IEnumerable<Token> Tokens, ExpressionNode Expression) : LValueNode(Tokens);

src/Syntax/Parsing/Parser.cs

@@ -668,7 +668,7 @@ public static class Parser
 
             if (name.Value == "string")
             {
-                return new NubArrayType(NubPrimitiveType.U8);
+                return new NubStringType();
             }
 
             if (name.Value == "cstring")

src/Syntax/Typing/Binder.cs

@@ -347,7 +347,7 @@ public static class Binder
         {
             LiteralKind.Integer => NubPrimitiveType.I64,
             LiteralKind.Float => NubPrimitiveType.F64,
-            LiteralKind.String => new NubCStringType(),
+            LiteralKind.String => new NubStringType(),
             LiteralKind.Bool => NubPrimitiveType.Bool,
             _ => throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException()
         };
@@ -364,10 +364,12 @@ public static class Binder
         switch (boundExpression.Type)
         {
             case NubArrayType:
+            case NubStringType:
+            case NubCStringType:
             {
                 if (expression.Member == "count")
                 {
-                    type = NubPrimitiveType.I64;
+                    type = NubPrimitiveType.U64;
                 }
 
                 break;

src/Syntax/Typing/BoundNode/Expression.cs

@@ -16,6 +16,6 @@ public record BoundAnonymousFuncNode(IEnumerable<Token> Tokens, NubType Type, Li
 public record BoundAddressOfNode(IEnumerable<Token> Tokens, NubType Type, BoundLValueNode Expression) : BoundExpressionNode(Tokens, Type);
 public record BoundFixedArrayInitializerNode(IEnumerable<Token> Tokens, NubType Type, NubType ElementType, int Capacity) : BoundExpressionNode(Tokens, Type);
 public record BoundLiteralNode(IEnumerable<Token> Tokens, NubType Type, string Literal, LiteralKind Kind) : BoundExpressionNode(Tokens, Type);
-public record BoundMemberAccessNode(IEnumerable<Token> Tokens, NubType Type, BoundExpressionNode Expression, string Member) : BoundLValueNode(Tokens, Type);
+public record BoundMemberAccessNode(IEnumerable<Token> Tokens, NubType Type, BoundExpressionNode Expression, string Member) : BoundExpressionNode(Tokens, Type);
 public record BoundStructInitializerNode(IEnumerable<Token> Tokens, NubType Type, NubStructType StructType, Dictionary<string, BoundExpressionNode> Initializers) : BoundExpressionNode(Tokens, Type);
 public record BoundDereferenceNode(IEnumerable<Token> Tokens, NubType Type, BoundExpressionNode Expression) : BoundLValueNode(Tokens, Type);

src/Syntax/Typing/NubType.cs

@@ -4,21 +4,6 @@ namespace Syntax.Typing;
 
 public abstract class NubType
 {
-    public static bool IsCompatibleWith(NubType sourceType, NubType targetType)
-    {
-        if (targetType is NubAnyType || sourceType.Equals(targetType))
-        {
-            return true;
-        }
-    
-        if (sourceType is NubFixedArrayType fixedArray && targetType is NubArrayType array && IsCompatibleWith(fixedArray.ElementType, array.ElementType))
-        {
-            return true;
-        }
-    
-        return false;
-    }
-
     public bool IsInteger => this is NubPrimitiveType
     {
         Kind: PrimitiveTypeKind.I8
@@ -45,6 +30,15 @@ public abstract class NubType
 
     public bool IsVoid => this is NubVoidType;
 
+    public bool IsString => this is NubStringType;
+    
+    public bool IsCString => this is NubCStringType;
+
+    public bool IsBool => this is NubPrimitiveType
+    {
+        Kind: PrimitiveTypeKind.Bool
+    };
+
     public abstract override bool Equals(object? obj);
     public abstract override int GetHashCode();
     public abstract override string ToString();
@@ -54,7 +48,7 @@ public class NubCStringType : NubType
 {
     public override bool Equals(object? obj)
     {
-        return obj is NubCStringType other;
+        return obj is NubCStringType;
     }
 
     public override int GetHashCode()
@@ -68,6 +62,24 @@ public class NubCStringType : NubType
     }
 }
 
+public class NubStringType : NubType
+{
+    public override bool Equals(object? obj)
+    {
+        return obj is NubStringType;
+    }
+
+    public override int GetHashCode()
+    {
+        return "string".GetHashCode();
+    }
+
+    public override string ToString()
+    {
+        return "string";
+    }
+}
+
 public class NubFuncType(NubType returnType, List<NubType> parameters) : NubType
 {
     public NubType ReturnType { get; } = returnType;