...

makefile

@@ -6,8 +6,8 @@ CFLAGS 	= -m64 -ffreestanding -fno-builtin -Wall -Wextra -Wshadow -std=c23 -g
 LDFLAGS	= -g
 ASFLAGS	= -f elf64 -g -F dwarf
 
-SRC_C   := src/kernel.c src/string.c src/vga.c src/idt.c src/keyboard.c
-SRC_ASM := src/boot.asm src/idt_stub.asm
+SRC_C   := src/kernel.c src/string.c src/vga.c src/interrupts.c
+SRC_ASM := src/start.asm
 
 OBJ_C   := $(SRC_C:src/%.c=.build/%.o)
 OBJ_ASM := $(SRC_ASM:src/%.asm=.build/%.o)
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ build-dir:
 	cp .build/kernel .build/nub-os/boot/
 	grub-mkrescue -o .build/nub-os.iso .build/nub-os/
 
-.build/kernel: $(OBJS) | linker.ld
+.build/kernel: $(OBJS)
 	$(LD) $(LDFLAGS) -T linker.ld -o $@ $^
 
 .build/%.o: src/%.c | build-dir

src/idt.c

@@ -1,172 +0,0 @@
-#include "idt.h"
-#include "vga.h"
-
-#define IDT_SIZE 256
-
-#define PIC1_COMMAND 0x20
-#define PIC1_DATA 0x21
-#define PIC2_COMMAND 0xA0
-#define PIC2_DATA 0xA1
-
-typedef struct
-{
-    u16 address_low;
-    u16 selector;
-    u8 ist;
-    u8 flags;
-    u16 address_mid;
-    u32 address_high;
-    u32 reserved;
-} __attribute__((packed)) interrupt_descriptor;
-
-typedef struct
-{
-    u16 limit;
-    u64 base;
-} __attribute__((packed)) idtr_t;
-
-extern void* isr_stub_table[];
-static irq_handler_t irq_handlers[16] = {0};
-
-static const char* exception_messages[32] = {
-    "divide by zero",
-    "debug",
-    "non maskable interrupt",
-    "breakpoint",
-    "overflow",
-    "bound range exceeded",
-    "invalid opcode",
-    "device not available",
-    "double fault",
-    "coprocessor segment overrun",
-    "invalid tss",
-    "segment not present",
-    "stack-segment fault",
-    "general protection fault",
-    "page fault",
-    "reserved",
-    "x87 floating point exception",
-    "alignment check",
-    "machine check",
-    "simd floating point exception",
-    "virtualization exception",
-    "control protection exception",
-    "reserved",
-    "reserved",
-    "reserved",
-    "reserved",
-    "reserved",
-    "reserved",
-    "hypervisor injection exception",
-    "vmm communication exception",
-    "security exception",
-    "reserved",
-};
-
-static interrupt_descriptor idt[IDT_SIZE];
-
-static void pic_remap(int offset1, int offset2)
-{
-    u8 a1, a2;
-
-    a1 = inb(PIC1_DATA);
-    a2 = inb(PIC2_DATA);
-
-    outb(PIC1_COMMAND, 0x11);
-    outb(PIC2_COMMAND, 0x11);
-
-    outb(PIC1_DATA, offset1);
-    outb(PIC2_DATA, offset2);
-
-    outb(PIC1_DATA, 4);
-    outb(PIC2_DATA, 2);
-
-    outb(PIC1_DATA, 0x01);
-    outb(PIC2_DATA, 0x01);
-
-    outb(PIC1_DATA, a1);
-    outb(PIC2_DATA, a2);
-}
-
-static void pic_send_eoi(u8 irq)
-{
-    if (irq >= 8)
-    {
-        outb(PIC2_COMMAND, 0x20);
-    }
-
-    outb(PIC1_COMMAND, 0x20);
-}
-
-void register_irq_handler(u8 irq, irq_handler_t handler)
-{
-    irq_handlers[irq] = handler;
-}
-
-static inline void idt_set_descriptor(u8 vector, void* handler, u8 dpl)
-{
-    interrupt_descriptor* entry = &idt[vector];
-
-    entry->address_low = (u64)handler & 0xFFFF;
-    entry->address_mid = ((u64)handler >> 16) & 0xFFFF;
-    entry->address_high = (u64)handler >> 32;
-    entry->selector = 0x08;
-    entry->flags = 0b1110 | ((dpl & 0b11) << 5) | (1 << 7);
-    entry->ist = 0;
-    entry->reserved = 0;
-}
-
-void init_idt(void)
-{
-    pic_remap(0x20, 0x28);
-
-    for (int i = 0; i < 256; i++)
-    {
-        idt_set_descriptor(i, isr_stub_table[i], 0);
-    }
-
-    idtr_t idtr = {
-        .base = (uintptr_t)&idt[0],
-        .limit = (u16)sizeof(interrupt_descriptor) * IDT_SIZE - 1,
-    };
-
-    __asm__ volatile("lidt %0" : : "m"(idtr));
-    __asm__ volatile("sti");
-}
-
-void handle_isr(isr_frame_t* frame)
-{
-    if (frame->int_no < 32)
-    {
-        vga_print_error();
-        vga_print(" exception[");
-        vga_print_uint(frame->int_no);
-        vga_print("]: ");
-        vga_print(exception_messages[frame->int_no]);
-
-        vga_print(", error code: ");
-        vga_print_uint(frame->err_code);
-        vga_print("\n");
-
-        __asm__ volatile("cli; hlt");
-    }
-    else if (frame->int_no < 48)
-    {
-        u8 irq = frame->int_no - 32;
-
-        if (irq_handlers[irq])
-        {
-            irq_handlers[irq](frame);
-        }
-
-        pic_send_eoi(irq);
-    }
-    else
-    {
-        vga_print_error();
-        vga_print(" interrupt[");
-        vga_print_uint(frame->int_no);
-        vga_print("]: ");
-        vga_print("not implemented\n");
-    }
-}

src/idt.h

@@ -1,30 +0,0 @@
-#pragma once
-
-#include "typedef.h"
-
-typedef struct
-{
-    u64 r15, r14, r13, r12, r11, r10, r9, r8;
-    u64 rbp, rdi, rsi, rdx, rcx, rbx, rax;
-    u64 int_no;
-    u64 err_code;
-    u64 rip, cs, rflags, rsp, ss;
-} __attribute__((packed)) isr_frame_t;
-
-typedef void (*irq_handler_t)(const isr_frame_t*);
-
-void init_idt(void);
-
-static inline void outb(u16 port, u8 val)
-{
-    __asm__ volatile("outb %0, %1" : : "a"(val), "Nd"(port));
-}
-
-static inline u8 inb(u16 port)
-{
-    u8 ret;
-    __asm__ volatile("inb %1, %0" : "=a"(ret) : "Nd"(port));
-    return ret;
-}
-
-void register_irq_handler(u8 irq, irq_handler_t handler);

src/idt_stub.asm

@@ -1,109 +0,0 @@
-extern handle_isr
-
-isr_common:
-    push rax
-    push rbx
-    push rcx
-    push rdx
-    push rsi
-    push rdi
-    push rbp
-    push r8
-    push r9
-    push r10
-    push r11
-    push r12
-    push r13
-    push r14
-    push r15
-
-    mov rdi, rsp
-    call handle_isr
-
-    pop r15
-    pop r14
-    pop r13
-    pop r12
-    pop r11
-    pop r10
-    pop r9
-    pop r8
-    pop rbp
-    pop rdi
-    pop rsi
-    pop rdx
-    pop rcx
-    pop rbx
-    pop rax
-
-    add rsp, 16
-    iretq
-
-%macro ISR_NOERR 1
-isr_stub_%1:
-    push qword 0
-    push qword %1
-    jmp isr_common
-%endmacro
-
-%macro ISR_ERR 1
-isr_stub_%1:
-    push qword %1
-    jmp isr_common
-%endmacro
-
-; CPU exceptions 0-31
-ISR_NOERR   0
-ISR_NOERR   1
-ISR_NOERR   2
-ISR_NOERR   3
-ISR_NOERR   4
-ISR_NOERR   5
-ISR_NOERR   6
-ISR_NOERR   7
-ISR_ERR     8
-ISR_NOERR   9
-ISR_ERR     10
-ISR_ERR     11
-ISR_ERR     12
-ISR_ERR     13
-ISR_ERR     14
-ISR_NOERR   15
-ISR_NOERR   16
-ISR_ERR     17
-ISR_NOERR   18
-ISR_NOERR   19
-ISR_NOERR   20
-ISR_NOERR   21
-ISR_NOERR   22
-ISR_NOERR   23
-ISR_NOERR   24
-ISR_NOERR   25
-ISR_NOERR   26
-ISR_NOERR   27
-ISR_NOERR   28
-ISR_NOERR   29
-ISR_ERR     30
-ISR_NOERR   31
-
-%macro GENERATE_ISRS 2
-    %assign i %1
-    %rep (%2 - %1 + 1)
-        ISR_NOERR i
-        %assign i i+1
-    %endrep
-%endmacro
-
-GENERATE_ISRS 32, 255
-
-%macro GENERATE_ISR_TABLE 2
-    %assign i %1
-    %rep (%2 - %1 + 1)
-        dq isr_stub_%[i]
-        %assign i i+1
-    %endrep
-%endmacro
-
-global isr_stub_table
-isr_stub_table:
-GENERATE_ISR_TABLE 0, 255

src/interrupts.c

@@ -0,0 +1,117 @@
+#include "interrupts.h"
+#include "vga.h"
+#include "kernel.h"
+#include "util.h"
+
+#define PIC1_COMMAND 0x20
+#define PIC1_DATA 0x21
+#define PIC2_COMMAND 0xA0
+#define PIC2_DATA 0xA1
+
+void pic_remap()
+{
+    outb(PIC1_COMMAND, 0x11);
+	outb(PIC2_COMMAND, 0x11);
+
+	outb(PIC1_DATA, 32);
+	outb(PIC2_DATA, 40);
+
+	outb(PIC1_DATA, 4);
+	outb(PIC2_DATA, 2);
+
+	outb(PIC1_DATA, 1);
+	outb(PIC2_DATA, 1);
+
+	outb(PIC1_DATA, 0);
+	outb(PIC2_DATA, 0);
+}
+
+static const char* exception_messages[32] = {
+    "divide by zero",
+    "debug",
+    "non maskable interrupt",
+    "breakpoint",
+    "overflow",
+    "bound range exceeded",
+    "invalid opcode",
+    "device not available",
+    "double fault",
+    "coprocessor segment overrun",
+    "invalid tss",
+    "segment not present",
+    "stack-segment fault",
+    "general protection fault",
+    "page fault",
+    "reserved",
+    "x87 floating point exception",
+    "alignment check",
+    "machine check",
+    "simd floating point exception",
+    "virtualization exception",
+    "control protection exception",
+    "reserved",
+    "reserved",
+    "reserved",
+    "reserved",
+    "reserved",
+    "reserved",
+    "hypervisor injection exception",
+    "vmm communication exception",
+    "security exception",
+    "reserved",
+};
+
+void handle_exception(const isr_frame_t* frame)
+{
+    kprintf("exception[%d]: %s, error code: %d\n", frame->int_no, exception_messages[frame->int_no], frame->err_code);
+    kpanic();
+}
+
+static irq_handler_t irq_handlers[16] = {0};
+
+void register_irq_handler(uint8_t irq, irq_handler_t handler)
+{
+    if (irq >= 16)
+    {
+        kprintf("Cannot register irq %d is out of bounds\n", irq);
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        irq_handlers[irq] = handler;
+    }
+}
+
+void handle_irq(const isr_frame_t* frame)
+{
+    uint8_t irq = frame->int_no - 32;
+
+    if (irq_handlers[irq])
+    {
+        irq_handlers[irq](frame);
+    }
+
+    if (irq >= 8)
+    {
+        outb(PIC2_COMMAND, 0x20);
+    }
+
+    outb(PIC1_COMMAND, 0x20);
+}
+
+void handle_isr(const isr_frame_t* frame)
+{
+    kprintf("isr");
+
+    if (frame->int_no < 32)
+    {
+        handle_exception(frame);
+    }
+    else if (frame->int_no < 48)
+    {
+        handle_irq(frame);
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        kprintf("interrupt[%d]: not implemented\n", frame->int_no);
+    }
+}

src/interrupts.h

@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#include <stdint.h>
+
+typedef struct
+{
+    uint64_t r15, r14, r13, r12, r11, r10, r9, r8;
+    uint64_t rbp, rdi, rsi, rdx, rcx, rbx, rax;
+    uint64_t int_no;
+    uint64_t err_code;
+    uint64_t rip, cs, rflags, rsp, ss;
+} __attribute__((packed)) isr_frame_t;
+
+typedef void (*irq_handler_t)(const isr_frame_t*);
+
+void pic_remap();
+
+void register_irq_handler(uint8_t irq, irq_handler_t handler);
+
+static inline void enable_interrupts()
+{
+    __asm__ volatile("sti");
+}
+
+static inline void disable_interrupts()
+{
+    __asm__ volatile("cli");
+}

src/kernel.c

@@ -1,31 +1,80 @@
 #include "kernel.h"
-#include "idt.h"
-#include "keyboard.h"
+#include "interrupts.h"
+#include "string.h"
 #include "vga.h"
+#include <stdarg.h>
+#include <stddef.h>
 
-void kernel_main()
+void kmain()
 {
     vga_clear();
-    vga_print_success();
-    vga_print(" VGA intialzied\n");
+    pic_remap();
+    enable_interrupts();
 
-    init_idt();
-    vga_print_success();
-    vga_print(" IDT intialzied\n");
+    kprintf("Welcome to nub OS\n");
+    khalt();
+}
 
-    init_keyboard();
-    vga_print_success();
-    vga_print(" Keyboard intialzied\n");
-
-    vga_print("\nWelcome to nub OS\n");
-
-    while (true)
+void kpanic()
 {
+    kprintf("Kernel panic!\n");
+    khalt();
+}
+
+void kprintf(const char* fmt, ...)
+{
+    va_list args;
+    va_start(args, fmt);
+
+    bool should_format = false;
+
+    for (size_t i = 0; fmt[i] != '\0'; i++)
+    {
+        if (should_format)
+        {
+            should_format = false;
+            if (fmt[i] == '%')
+            {
+                vga_put_char('%', 0x0F);
+            }
+            else if (fmt[i] == 's')
+            {
+                const char* str = va_arg(args, const char*);
+                for (size_t j = 0; str[j] != '\0'; j++)
+                {
+                    vga_put_char(str[j], 0x0F);
+                }
+            }
+            else if (fmt[i] == 'd')
+            {
+                int64_t val = va_arg(args, int64_t);
+                char buf[21];
+                itoa64(val, buf);
+                for (size_t j = 0; buf[j] != '\0'; j++)
+                {
+                    vga_put_char(buf[j], 0x0F);
+                }
+            }
+            else if (fmt[i] == 'u')
+            {
+                uint64_t val = va_arg(args, uint64_t);
+                char buf[21];
+                uitoa64(val, buf);
+                for (size_t j = 0; buf[j] != '\0'; j++)
+                {
+                    vga_put_char(buf[j], 0x0F);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        else if (fmt[i] == '%')
+        {
+            should_format = true;
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            vga_put_char(fmt[i], 0x0F);
         }
     }
 
-void kernel_panic()
-{
-    vga_print("Kernel panic!\n");
-    __asm__ volatile("cli; hlt");
+    va_end(args);
 }

src/kernel.h

@@ -1,3 +1,14 @@
 #pragma once
 
-void kernel_panic();
+void kpanic();
+
+static inline void khalt()
+{
+    while (true)
+    {
+        __asm__ volatile ("cli");
+        __asm__ volatile ("hlt");
+    }
+}
+
+void kprintf(const char* fmt, ...);

src/keyboard.c

@@ -1,7 +1,8 @@
 #include "keyboard.h"
-#include "idt.h"
+#include "interrupts.h"
 #include "kernel.h"
 #include "vga.h"
+#include "util.h"
 
 #define SCANCODE_LEFT_SHIFT 42
 #define SCANCODE_RIGHT_SHIFT 54
@@ -32,7 +33,7 @@ bool caps_lock = false;
 static keyboard_handler_t keyboard_handlers[KEYBOARD_HANDLERS_LENGTH];
 static int handler_index = 0;
 
-char scan_code_to_ascii(u8 scan_code)
+char scan_code_to_ascii(uint8_t scan_code)
 {
     if (scan_code >= 128)
     {
@@ -51,8 +52,8 @@ char scan_code_to_ascii(u8 scan_code)
 
 void handle_keyboard(const isr_frame_t* frame)
 {
-    u8 code = inb(0x60);
-    u8 scan_code = code & 0x7F;
+    uint8_t code = inb(0x60);
+    uint8_t scan_code = code & 0x7F;
     bool pressed = (code & 0x80) == 0;
 
     switch (scan_code)
@@ -81,7 +82,7 @@ void handle_keyboard(const isr_frame_t* frame)
             .ascii = scan_code_to_ascii(scan_code),
         };
 
-        for (int i = 0; i < handler_index; i++)
+        for (size_t i = 0; i < handler_index; i++)
         {
             keyboard_handlers[i](&event);
         }
@@ -95,9 +96,8 @@ void register_keypress_handler(const keyboard_handler_t handler)
     // keyboard_handlers is a dynamic list
     if (handler_index >= KEYBOARD_HANDLERS_LENGTH)
     {
-        vga_print_error();
-        vga_print(" Maximum keyboard handlers reached\n");
-        kernel_panic();
+        kprintf("Maximum keyboard handlers reached\n");
+        kpanic();
     }
 
     keyboard_handlers[handler_index] = handler;

src/keyboard.h

@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
 #pragma once
 
-#include "typedef.h"
+#include <stdint.h>
 
 typedef struct
 {
-    u8 scan_code;
+    uint8_t scan_code;
     bool pressed;
     bool shift;
     bool caps_lock;
@@ -15,4 +15,4 @@ typedef void (*keyboard_handler_t)(const keyboard_event_t*);
 
 void init_keyboard();
 void register_keypress_handler(keyboard_handler_t handler);
-char scan_code_to_ascii(u8 scan_code);
+char scan_code_to_ascii(uint8_t scan_code);

src/multiboot.h

@@ -1,59 +1,59 @@
 #pragma once
 
-#include "typedef.h"
+#include <stdint.h>
 
 typedef struct multiboot_info
 {
-    u32 flags; // required
+    uint32_t flags; // required
 
     // Available if flags[0] is set
-    u32 mem_lower;
-    u32 mem_upper;
+    uint32_t mem_lower;
+    uint32_t mem_upper;
 
     // Available if flags[1] is set
-    u32 boot_device;
+    uint32_t boot_device;
 
     // Available if flags[2] is set
-    u32 cmdline;
+    uint32_t cmdline;
 
     // Available if flags[3] is set
-    u32 mods_count;
-    u32 mods_addr;
+    uint32_t mods_count;
+    uint32_t mods_addr;
 
     // Available if flags[4] or flags[5] is set
-    u8 syms[16]; // 28 - 40 bytes, exact layout may differ depending on a.out or ELF
+    uint8_t syms[16]; // 28 - 40 bytes, exact layout may differ depending on a.out or ELF
 
     // Available if flags[6] is set
-    u32 mmap_length;
-    u32 mmap_addr;
+    uint32_t mmap_length;
+    uint32_t mmap_addr;
 
     // Available if flags[7] is set
-    u32 drives_length;
-    u32 drives_addr;
+    uint32_t drives_length;
+    uint32_t drives_addr;
 
     // Available if flags[8] is set
-    u32 config_table;
+    uint32_t config_table;
 
     // Available if flags[9] is set
-    u32 boot_loader_name;
+    uint32_t boot_loader_name;
 
     // Available if flags[10] is set
-    u32 apm_table;
+    uint32_t apm_table;
 
     // Available if flags[11] is set
-    u32 vbe_control_info;
-    u32 vbe_mode_info;
-    u16 vbe_mode;
-    u16 vbe_interface_seg;
-    u16 vbe_interface_off;
-    u16 vbe_interface_len;
+    uint32_t vbe_control_info;
+    uint32_t vbe_mode_info;
+    uint16_t vbe_mode;
+    uint16_t vbe_interface_seg;
+    uint16_t vbe_interface_off;
+    uint16_t vbe_interface_len;
 
     // Available if flags[12] is set
-    u64 framebuffer_addr; // 64-bit for large memory addresses
-    u32 framebuffer_pitch;
-    u32 framebuffer_width;
-    u32 framebuffer_height;
-    u8 framebuffer_bpp;
-    u8 framebuffer_type;
-    u8 color_info[6]; // 110-115 bytes
+    uint64_t framebuffer_addr; // 64-bit for large memory addresses
+    uint32_t framebuffer_pitch;
+    uint32_t framebuffer_width;
+    uint32_t framebuffer_height;
+    uint8_t framebuffer_bpp;
+    uint8_t framebuffer_type;
+    uint8_t color_info[6]; // 110-115 bytes
 } __attribute__((packed)) multiboot_info_t;

src/start.asm

@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 global _start
-extern kernel_main
+extern kmain
+extern handle_isr
 
 %define FLAGS       0b10
 %define MAGIC       0x1BADB002
@@ -130,6 +131,39 @@ section .text
         hlt
         jmp .hang
 
+section .bss
+    align 4096
+    idt64:
+        resb 4096
+
+section .data
+    align 8
+    idt64_descriptor:
+        dw 4095
+        dq idt64
+
+section .data
+    align 8
+    isr_stub_table:
+        %assign i 0
+        %rep 256
+            dq isr_stub_%[i]
+            %assign i i+1
+        %endrep
+
+%macro ISR_NOERR 1
+isr_stub_%1:
+    push qword 0
+    push qword %1
+    jmp isr_common
+%endmacro
+
+%macro ISR_ERR 1
+isr_stub_%1:
+    push qword %1
+    jmp isr_common
+%endmacro
+
 section .text
     bits 64
     long_mode:
@@ -140,7 +174,108 @@ section .text
         mov fs, ax
         mov gs, ax
         mov ss, ax
-        call kernel_main
+
+        ; Fill in the idt table with the stub functions
+        mov rdi, idt64
+        mov rsi, isr_stub_table
+        mov rcx, 256
+    .loop:
+        mov rax, [rsi]
+        mov [rdi], ax
+        mov word [rdi + 2], 0x08
+        mov word [rdi + 4], 0x8E00
+        shr rax, 16
+        mov [rdi + 6], ax
+        shr rax, 16
+        mov [rdi + 8], eax
+        mov dword [rdi + 12], 0
+        add rdi, 16
+        add rsi, 8
+        loop .loop
+        lidt [idt64_descriptor]
+
+        ; Finally, we call in to c
+        call kmain
     .hang:
         hlt
         jmp .hang
+
+    isr_common:
+        push rax
+        push rbx
+        push rcx
+        push rdx
+        push rsi
+        push rdi
+        push rbp
+        push r8
+        push r9
+        push r10
+        push r11
+        push r12
+        push r13
+        push r14
+        push r15
+
+        mov rdi, rsp
+        call handle_isr
+
+        pop r15
+        pop r14
+        pop r13
+        pop r12
+        pop r11
+        pop r10
+        pop r9
+        pop r8
+        pop rbp
+        pop rdi
+        pop rsi
+        pop rdx
+        pop rcx
+        pop rbx
+        pop rax
+
+        add rsp, 16
+        iretq
+
+    ; CPU exceptions 0-31. Some of these contain error codes, so we define them manually
+    ISR_NOERR   0
+    ISR_NOERR   1
+    ISR_NOERR   2
+    ISR_NOERR   3
+    ISR_NOERR   4
+    ISR_NOERR   5
+    ISR_NOERR   6
+    ISR_NOERR   7
+    ISR_ERR     8
+    ISR_NOERR   9
+    ISR_ERR     10
+    ISR_ERR     11
+    ISR_ERR     12
+    ISR_ERR     13
+    ISR_ERR     14
+    ISR_NOERR   15
+    ISR_NOERR   16
+    ISR_ERR     17
+    ISR_NOERR   18
+    ISR_NOERR   19
+    ISR_NOERR   20
+    ISR_NOERR   21
+    ISR_NOERR   22
+    ISR_NOERR   23
+    ISR_NOERR   24
+    ISR_NOERR   25
+    ISR_NOERR   26
+    ISR_NOERR   27
+    ISR_NOERR   28
+    ISR_NOERR   29
+    ISR_ERR     30
+    ISR_NOERR   31
+
+    ; Hardware interrupts and user-defined interrupts (32-255). These don't have error codes
+    %assign i 32
+    %rep 224
+        ISR_NOERR i
+        %assign i i+1
+    %endrep

src/string.c

@@ -25,64 +25,77 @@ void reverse(char* str, size_t length)
     }
 }
 
-int uitoa(u64 value, char* buffer)
+void itoa64(int64_t value, char* buffer)
 {
-    int i = 0;
-    if (value == 0)
-    {
-        buffer[i++] = '0';
-        buffer[i] = '\0';
-        return i;
-    }
-
-    while (value > 0)
-    {
-        buffer[i++] = (value % 10) + '0';
-        value /= 10;
-    }
-
-    buffer[i] = '\0';
-    reverse(buffer, i);
-    return i;
-}
-
-int itoa(i64 value, char* buffer)
-{
-    int i = 0;
-
-    if (value == 0)
-    {
-        buffer[i++] = '0';
-        buffer[i] = '\0';
-        return i;
-    }
-
-    bool negative = false;
-    u64 v;
+    char temp[21];
+    int i = 0, j = 0;
+    int negative = 0;
 
     if (value < 0)
     {
-        negative = true;
-        v = (u64)(-value);
+        negative = 1;
+        if (value == INT64_MIN)
+        {
+            const char* min_str = "9223372036854775808";
+            for (i = 0; min_str[i] != '\0'; i++)
+                temp[i] = min_str[i];
+            i = 19;
         }
         else
         {
-        v = (u64)value;
+            value = -value;
+        }
     }
 
-    while (v > 0)
+    if (value == 0 && !negative)
     {
-        buffer[i++] = (v % 10) + '0';
-        v /= 10;
+        buffer[0] = '0';
+        buffer[1] = '\0';
+        return;
+    }
+
+    if (!(negative && value == INT64_MIN))
+    {
+        while (value > 0)
+        {
+            temp[i++] = '0' + (value % 10);
+            value /= 10;
+        }
     }
 
     if (negative)
     {
-        buffer[i++] = '-';
+        temp[i++] = '-';
     }
 
-    buffer[i] = '\0';
-    reverse(buffer, i);
-
-    return i;
+    while (i > 0)
+    {
+        buffer[j++] = temp[--i];
+    }
+    buffer[j] = '\0';
+}
+
+void uitoa64(uint64_t value, char* buffer)
+{
+    char temp[21];
+    int i = 0, j = 0;
+
+    if (value == 0)
+    {
+        buffer[0] = '0';
+        buffer[1] = '\0';
+        return;
+    }
+
+    while (value > 0)
+    {
+        temp[i++] = '0' + (value % 10);
+        value /= 10;
+    }
+
+    while (i > 0)
+    {
+        buffer[j++] = temp[--i];
+    }
+    buffer[j] = '\0';
 }

src/string.h

@@ -1,8 +1,9 @@
 #pragma once
 
-#include "typedef.h"
+#include <stdint.h>
+#include <stddef.h>
 
 int strcmp(const char* a, const char* b);
 void reverse(char* str, size_t length);
-int uitoa(u64 value, char* buffer);
-int itoa(i64 value, char* buffer);
+void uitoa64(uint64_t value, char* buffer);
+void itoa64(int64_t value, char* buffer);

src/typedef.h

@@ -1,16 +0,0 @@
-#pragma once
-
-typedef unsigned char u8;
-typedef signed char i8;
-
-typedef unsigned short u16;
-typedef signed short i16;
-
-typedef unsigned int u32;
-typedef signed int i32;
-
-typedef unsigned long long u64;
-typedef signed long long i64;
-
-typedef u64 size_t;
-typedef u64 uintptr_t;

src/util.h

@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#include <stdint.h>
+
+static inline void outb(uint16_t port, uint8_t val)
+{
+    __asm__ volatile("outb %0, %1" : : "a"(val), "Nd"(port));
+}
+
+static inline uint8_t inb(uint16_t port)
+{
+    uint8_t ret;
+    __asm__ volatile("inb %1, %0" : "=a"(ret) : "Nd"(port));
+    return ret;
+}
+
+static inline void io_wait()
+{
+    outb(0x80, 0);
+}

src/vga.c

@@ -1,57 +1,20 @@
 #include "vga.h"
-#include "string.h"
+#include <stddef.h>
 
 #define ROWS 25
 #define COLUMNS 80
 
 typedef struct
 {
-    u8 character;
-    u8 color;
-} vga_char;
+    uint8_t character;
+    uint8_t color;
+} vga_char_t;
 
-vga_char* vga_buffer = (vga_char*)0xb8000;
-u8 cursor_row = 0;
-u8 cursor_col = 0;
+static vga_char_t* vga_buffer = (vga_char_t*)0xb8000;
+static uint8_t cursor_row = 0;
+static uint8_t cursor_col = 0;
 
-void vga_set_char(u8 row, u8 col, vga_char character)
-{
-    vga_buffer[COLUMNS * row + col] = character;
-}
-
-vga_char vga_char_at(u8 row, u8 col)
-{
-    return vga_buffer[COLUMNS * row + col];
-}
-
-void vga_clear(void)
-{
-    for (u8 row = 0; row < ROWS; row++)
-    {
-        for (u8 col = 0; col < COLUMNS; col++)
-        {
-            vga_char character = {
-                .character = ' ',
-                .color = vga_default_color(),
-            };
-            vga_set_char(row, col, character);
-        }
-    }
-
-    cursor_row = 0;
-    cursor_col = 0;
-}
-
-void vga_set_cursor_position(u8 row, u8 col)
-{
-    if (row < ROWS && col < COLUMNS)
-    {
-        cursor_row = row;
-        cursor_col = col;
-    }
-}
-
-void vga_print_char_colored(char character, vga_color_t color)
+void vga_put_char(char character, uint8_t color)
 {
     switch (character)
     {
@@ -68,17 +31,16 @@ void vga_print_char_colored(char character, vga_color_t color)
     }
     case '\t':
     {
-        u8 remainter = cursor_col % 4;
+        uint8_t remainter = cursor_col % 4;
         cursor_col += remainter == 0 ? 4 : remainter;
         break;
     }
     default:
     {
-        vga_char c = {
+        vga_buffer[COLUMNS * cursor_row + cursor_col] = (vga_char_t){
             .character = character,
             .color = color,
         };
-        vga_set_char(cursor_row, cursor_col, c);
         cursor_col += 1;
         break;
     }
@@ -92,59 +54,39 @@ void vga_print_char_colored(char character, vga_color_t color)
 
     if (cursor_row >= ROWS)
     {
-        for (u8 row = 1; row < ROWS; row++)
+        for (size_t row = 1; row < ROWS; row++)
         {
-            for (u8 col = 0; col < COLUMNS; col++)
+            for (size_t col = 0; col < COLUMNS; col++)
             {
-                vga_set_char(row - 1, col, vga_char_at(row, col));
+                vga_buffer[COLUMNS * row - 1 + col] = vga_buffer[COLUMNS * row + col];
             }
         }
 
-        for (u8 col = 0; col < COLUMNS; col++)
+        for (size_t col = 0; col < COLUMNS; col++)
         {
-            vga_char c = {
+            vga_buffer[ROWS - 1 + col] = (vga_char_t){
                 .character = ' ',
-                .color = vga_default_color(),
+                .color = VGA_LIGHT_GRAY | VGA_BLACK << 4,
             };
-            vga_set_char(ROWS - 1, col, c);
         };
 
         cursor_row = ROWS - 1;
     }
 }
 
-void vga_print_colored(const char* string, vga_color_t color)
+void vga_clear()
 {
-    for (u8 i = 0; string[i] != '\0'; i++)
+    for (size_t row = 0; row < ROWS; row++)
     {
-        vga_print_char_colored(string[i], color);
+        for (size_t col = 0; col < COLUMNS; col++)
+        {
+            vga_buffer[COLUMNS * row - 1 + col] = (vga_char_t){
+                .character = ' ',
+                .color = VGA_LIGHT_GRAY | VGA_BLACK << 4,
+            };
         }
     }
 
-void vga_print_success(void)
-{
-    vga_print("[ ");
-    vga_print_colored("success", VGA_GREEN);
-    vga_print(" ]");
-}
-
-void vga_print_error(void)
-{
-    vga_print("[ ");
-    vga_print_colored("error", VGA_RED);
-    vga_print(" ]");
-}
-
-void vga_print_uint(u32 value)
-{
-    char buffer[11];
-    uitoa(value, buffer);
-    vga_print(buffer);
-}
-
-void vga_print_int(i32 value)
-{
-    char buffer[12];
-    itoa(value, buffer);
-    vga_print(buffer);
+    cursor_row = 0;
+    cursor_col = 0;
 }

src/vga.h

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 #pragma once
 
-#include "typedef.h"
+#include <stdint.h>
 
 #define VGA_BLACK 0
 #define VGA_BLUE 1
@@ -19,36 +19,5 @@
 #define VGA_YELLOW 14
 #define VGA_WHITE 15
 
-typedef u8 vga_color_t;
-
-void vga_clear(void);
-void vga_set_cursor_position(u8 row, u8 col);
-
-void vga_print_char_colored(char character, vga_color_t color);
-void vga_print_colored(const char* string, vga_color_t color);
-
-void vga_print_success(void);
-void vga_print_error(void);
-
-void vga_print_uint(u32 value);
-void vga_print_int(i32 value);
-
-static inline vga_color_t vga_color(vga_color_t fg_color, vga_color_t bg_color)
-{
-    return fg_color | bg_color << 4;
-}
-
-static inline vga_color_t vga_default_color()
-{
-    return vga_color(VGA_LIGHT_GRAY, VGA_BLACK);
-}
-
-static inline void vga_print_char(char character)
-{
-    vga_print_char_colored(character, vga_default_color());
-}
-
-static inline void vga_print(const char* string)
-{
-    vga_print_colored(string, vga_default_color());
-}
+void vga_put_char(char character, uint8_t color);
+void vga_clear();