...

README.md

@@ -5,8 +5,8 @@
 - `make`
 - `grub`
 - `mtools`
-- `gcc`
-- `ld`
+- `x86_64-elf-gcc`
+- `x86_64-elf-ld`
 
 ## Building
 

makefile

@@ -1,8 +1,15 @@
-CC = gcc
-LD = ld
+CC = x86_64-elf-gcc
+LD = x86_64-elf-ld
 
-CFLAGS = -m32 -ffreestanding -fno-pie -fno-stack-protector -fno-builtin -Wall -Wextra -Werror -Wshadow -std=c23
-LDFLAGS = -m elf_i386 -Ttext 0x100000 -nostdlib
+CFLAGS 	= -m64 -ffreestanding -fno-builtin -Wall -Wextra -Wshadow -std=c23
+LDFLAGS = 
+
+SRC_C   := src/kernel.c src/vga.c src/idt.c src/string.c
+SRC_ASM := src/boot.asm src/idt_stub.asm
+
+OBJ_C   := $(SRC_C:src/%.c=.build/%.o)
+OBJ_ASM := $(SRC_ASM:src/%.asm=.build/%.o)
+OBJS    := $(OBJ_C) $(OBJ_ASM)
 
 all: .build/nub-os.iso
 
@@ -12,20 +19,17 @@ clean:
 build-dir:
 	mkdir .build 2>/dev/null || true
 
-.build/nub-os.iso: build-dir .build/kernel
+.build/nub-os.iso: .build/kernel
 	mkdir -p .build/iso/boot/grub
 	cp grub.cfg .build/iso/boot/grub
 	cp .build/kernel .build/iso/boot/
 	grub-mkrescue -o .build/nub-os.iso .build/iso/
 
-.build/kernel: build-dir .build/boot.o .build/kernel.o .build/vga.o
-	$(LD) $(LDFLAGS) -Ttext 0x100000 -o .build/kernel .build/boot.o .build/kernel.o .build/vga.o
+.build/kernel: $(OBJS)
+	$(LD) $(LDFLAGS) -T src/boot.ld -o $@ $^
 
-.build/kernel.o: build-dir src/kernel.c
-	$(CC) $(CFLAGS) -c -o .build/kernel.o src/kernel.c
+.build/%.o: src/%.c | build-dir
+	$(CC) $(CFLAGS) -c -o $@ $<
 
-.build/vga.o: build-dir src/vga.c
-	$(CC) $(CFLAGS) -c -o .build/vga.o src/vga.c
-
-.build/boot.o: build-dir src/boot.asm
-	nasm -f elf32 -o .build/boot.o src/boot.asm
+.build/%.o: src/%.asm | build-dir
+	nasm -f elf64 -o $@ $<

src/boot.asm

@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@
 %define LEN         header_end - header_start
 %define CHECKSUM    -(MAGIC + ARCH + LEN)
 
+section .multiboot2
 header_start:
 align 4
     dd MAGIC
@@ -18,14 +19,186 @@ align 16
     resb 16384
 stack_top:
 
-extern kernel_main
+align 4096
+pml4_table:
+    resb 4096
+pdp_table:
+    resb 4096
+pd_table:
+    resb 4096
 
 section .text
+bits 32
 global _start
 _start:
-    mov esp, stack_top
-    call kernel_main
-hang:
     cli
+    mov esp, stack_top
+
+    ; Check if CPU supports 64-bit mode
+    call check_multiboot
+    call check_cpuid
+    call check_long_mode
+
+    ; Set up paging for 64-bit mode
+    call set_up_page_tables
+    call enable_paging
+
+    ; Load GDT and jump to 64-bit mode
+    lgdt [gdt64.pointer]
+    jmp gdt64.code:long_mode_start
+
+check_multiboot:
+    cmp eax, 0x36d76289
+    jne .no_multiboot
+    ret
+
+.no_multiboot:
+    mov al, 'M'
+    jmp error
+
+check_cpuid:
+    ; Copy flags to eax through the stack
+    pushfd
+    pop eax
+
+    ; Copy flags to ecx for a later comparison
+    mov ecx, eax
+
+    ; Flit the cpuid bit
+    xor eax, 1 << 21
+
+    ; Copy eax (with the flipped cpuid bit) back to flags
+    push eax
+    popfd
+
+    ; Copy flags back to eax. The cpiuid bit will be flipped if cpuid is supported
+    pushfd
+    pop eax
+
+    ; Restore flags from the original flags stored in ecx
+    push ecx
+    popfd
+
+    ; Compare eax and ecx. If thry are equal, cpuid is not supported
+    cmp eax, ecx
+    je .no_cpuid
+    ret
+
+.no_cpuid:
+    mov al, 'I'
+    jmp error
+
+check_long_mode:
+    ; Test if extended processor info is available
+    mov eax, 0x80000000
+    cpuid
+    cmp eax, 0x80000001
+    jb .no_long_mode
+
+    ; Test if long mode is available
+    mov eax, 0x80000001
+    cpuid
+    test edx, 1 << 29
+    jz .no_long_mode
+    ret
+
+.no_long_mode:
+    mov al, 'L'
+    jmp error
+
+; todo(nub): This is copy pasted. I will research hat it does later
+set_up_page_tables:
+    ; Map first PML4 entry to PDP table
+    mov eax, pdp_table
+    or eax, 0b11 ; present + writable
+    mov [pml4_table], eax
+
+    ; Map first PDP entry to PD table
+    mov eax, pd_table
+    or eax, 0b11 ; present + writable
+    mov [pdp_table], eax
+
+    ; Map each PD entry to a huge 2MiB page
+    mov ecx, 0         ; counter variable
+.map_pd_table:
+    ; Map ecx-th PD entry to a huge page that starts at address (2MiB * ecx)
+    mov eax, 0x200000  ; 2MiB
+    mul ecx            ; Start address of ecx-th page
+    or eax, 0b10000011 ; present + writable + huge
+    mov [pd_table + ecx * 8], eax ; Map ecx-th entry
+
+    inc ecx            ; Increase counter
+    cmp ecx, 512       ; If counter == 512, the whole PD table is mapped
+    jne .map_pd_table  ; Else map the next entry
+
+    ret
+
+; todo(nub): This is copy pasted. I will research hat it does later
+enable_paging:
+    ; Load PML4 to cr3 register (cpu uses this to access the PML4 table)
+    mov eax, pml4_table
+    mov cr3, eax
+
+    ; Enable PAE-flag in cr4 (Physical Address Extension)
+    mov eax, cr4
+    or eax, 1 << 5
+    mov cr4, eax
+
+    ; Set the long mode bit in the EFER MSR (model specific register)
+    mov ecx, 0xC0000080
+    rdmsr
+    or eax, 1 << 8
+    wrmsr
+
+    ; Enable paging in the cr0 register
+    mov eax, cr0
+    or eax, 1 << 31
+    mov cr0, eax
+
+    ret
+
+error:
+    mov byte [0xb8000], '['
+    mov byte [0xb8002], ' '
+    mov byte [0xb8004], 'E'
+    mov byte [0xb8005],  4
+    mov byte [0xb8006], 'R'
+    mov byte [0xb8007],  4
+    mov byte [0xb8008], 'R'
+    mov byte [0xb8009],  4
+    mov byte [0xb800a], ' '
+    mov byte [0xb800c], ']'
+    mov byte [0xb800e], ':'
+    mov byte [0xb8010], ' '
+    mov byte [0xb8012], al
+    cli
+.hang:
     hlt
-    jmp hang
+    jmp .hang
+
+section .rodata
+gdt64:
+    dq 0
+.code: equ $ - gdt64
+    dq (1<<43) | (1<<44) | (1<<47) | (1<<53)
+.pointer:
+    dw $ - gdt64 - 1
+    dq gdt64
+
+section .text
+bits 64
+long_mode_start:
+    mov ax, 0
+    mov ss, ax
+    mov ds, ax
+    mov es, ax
+    mov fs, ax
+    mov gs, ax
+
+    extern kernel_main
+    call kernel_main
+
+    cli
+.hang:
+    hlt
+    jmp .hang

src/boot.ld

@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+ENTRY(_start)
+
+SECTIONS
+{
+	. = 2M;
+
+	.text BLOCK(4K) : ALIGN(4K)
+	{
+		*(.multiboot2)
+		*(.text)
+	}
+
+	.rodata BLOCK(4K) : ALIGN(4K)
+	{
+		*(.rodata)
+	}
+
+	.data BLOCK(4K) : ALIGN(4K)
+	{
+		*(.data)
+	}
+
+	.bss BLOCK(4K) : ALIGN(4K)
+	{
+		*(COMMON)
+		*(.bss)
+	}
+}

src/idt.c

@@ -0,0 +1,74 @@
+#include "idt.h"
+#include "vga.h"
+#include <stdbool.h>
+#include <stddef.h>
+#include <stdint.h>
+
+typedef struct
+{
+    uint16_t address_low;
+    uint16_t selector;
+    uint8_t ist;
+    uint8_t flags;
+    uint16_t address_mid;
+    uint32_t address_high;
+    uint32_t reserved;
+} __attribute__((packed)) interrupt_descriptor;
+
+typedef struct
+{
+    uint16_t limit;
+    uint64_t base;
+} __attribute__((packed)) idtr_t;
+
+typedef struct
+{
+    uint64_t r15, r14, r13, r12, r11, r10, r9, r8;
+    uint64_t rbp, rdi, rsi, rdx, rcx, rbx, rax;
+    uint64_t int_no;
+    uint64_t err_code;
+    uint64_t rip, cs, rflags, rsp, ss;
+} __attribute__((packed)) isr_frame_t;
+
+#define IDT_SIZE 256
+
+extern void* isr_stub_table[];
+
+static interrupt_descriptor idt[IDT_SIZE];
+
+void idt_set_descriptor(uint8_t vector, void* handler, uint8_t dpl)
+{
+    interrupt_descriptor* entry = &idt[vector];
+
+    entry->address_low = (uint64_t)handler & 0xFFFF;
+    entry->address_mid = ((uint64_t)handler >> 16) & 0xFFFF;
+    entry->address_high = (uint64_t)handler >> 32;
+    entry->selector = 0x08;
+    entry->flags = 0b1110 | ((dpl & 0b11) << 5) | (1 << 7);
+    entry->ist = 0;
+    entry->reserved = 0;
+}
+
+void exception_handler(isr_frame_t* frame)
+{
+    vga_print("Interrupt\n");
+    vga_print("    int_no: ");
+    vga_print_uint(frame->int_no);
+    vga_print("\n");
+    vga_print("    err_code: ");
+    vga_print_uint(frame->err_code);
+    vga_print("\n");
+    __asm__ volatile("cli; hlt");
+}
+
+void idt_init(void)
+{
+    for (int i = 0; i < 32; i++)
+    {
+        idt_set_descriptor(i, isr_stub_table[i], 0);
+    }
+
+    idtr_t idtr = { .base = (uintptr_t)&idt[0], .limit = (uint16_t)sizeof(interrupt_descriptor) * IDT_SIZE - 1 };
+
+    __asm__ volatile("lidt %0" : : "m"(idtr));
+}

src/idt.h

@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#include <stdint.h>
+
+void idt_init(void);
+void idt_set_descriptor(uint8_t vector, void* isr, uint8_t flags);

src/idt_stub.asm

@@ -0,0 +1,121 @@
+extern exception_handler
+
+%macro ISR_NOERR 1
+isr_stub_%1:
+    push qword 0
+    push qword %1
+    jmp isr_common
+%endmacro
+
+%macro ISR_ERR 1
+isr_stub_%1:
+    push qword %1
+    jmp isr_common
+%endmacro
+
+isr_common:
+    push rax
+    push rbx
+    push rcx
+    push rdx
+    push rsi
+    push rdi
+    push rbp
+    push r8
+    push r9
+    push r10
+    push r11
+    push r12
+    push r13
+    push r14
+    push r15
+
+    mov rdi, rsp
+    call exception_handler
+
+    pop r15
+    pop r14
+    pop r13
+    pop r12
+    pop r11
+    pop r10
+    pop r9
+    pop r8
+    pop rbp
+    pop rdi
+    pop rsi
+    pop rdx
+    pop rcx
+    pop rbx
+    pop rax
+
+    add rsp, 16
+    iretq
+
+ISR_NOERR   0
+ISR_NOERR   1
+ISR_NOERR   2
+ISR_NOERR   3
+ISR_NOERR   4
+ISR_NOERR   5
+ISR_NOERR   6
+ISR_NOERR   7
+ISR_ERR     8
+ISR_NOERR   9
+ISR_ERR     10
+ISR_ERR     11
+ISR_ERR     12
+ISR_ERR     13
+ISR_ERR     14
+ISR_NOERR   15
+ISR_NOERR   16
+ISR_ERR     17
+ISR_NOERR   18
+ISR_NOERR   19
+ISR_NOERR   20
+ISR_NOERR   21
+ISR_NOERR   22
+ISR_NOERR   23
+ISR_NOERR   24
+ISR_NOERR   25
+ISR_NOERR   26
+ISR_NOERR   27
+ISR_NOERR   28
+ISR_NOERR   29
+ISR_ERR     30
+ISR_NOERR   31
+
+global isr_stub_table
+isr_stub_table:
+    dq isr_stub_0
+    dq isr_stub_1
+    dq isr_stub_2
+    dq isr_stub_3
+    dq isr_stub_4
+    dq isr_stub_5
+    dq isr_stub_6
+    dq isr_stub_7
+    dq isr_stub_8
+    dq isr_stub_9
+    dq isr_stub_10
+    dq isr_stub_11
+    dq isr_stub_12
+    dq isr_stub_13
+    dq isr_stub_14
+    dq isr_stub_15
+    dq isr_stub_16
+    dq isr_stub_17
+    dq isr_stub_18
+    dq isr_stub_19
+    dq isr_stub_20
+    dq isr_stub_21
+    dq isr_stub_22
+    dq isr_stub_23
+    dq isr_stub_24
+    dq isr_stub_25
+    dq isr_stub_26
+    dq isr_stub_27
+    dq isr_stub_28
+    dq isr_stub_29
+    dq isr_stub_30
+    dq isr_stub_31

src/kernel.c

@@ -1,7 +1,18 @@
+#include "idt.h"
 #include "vga.h"
 
 void kernel_main(void)
 {
     vga_clear();
-    vga_print("Welcome to nub OS\n");
+    vga_print_success();
+    vga_print(" VGA intialzied\n");
+
+    idt_init();
+    vga_print_success();
+    vga_print(" IDT intialzied\n");
+
+    vga_print("\nWelcome to nub OS\n");
+    vga_print(">");
+
+    int x = 1 / 0;
 }

src/string.c

@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 #include "string.h"
+#include <stdbool.h>
 
 int strcmp(const char* a, const char* b)
 {
@@ -10,3 +11,79 @@ int strcmp(const char* a, const char* b)
 
     return (*a == *b) ? 0 : (*a > *b) ? 1 : -1;
 }
+
+void reverse(char* str, size_t length)
+{
+    int start = 0;
+    int end = length - 1;
+    while (start < end)
+    {
+        char temp = str[start];
+        str[start] = str[end];
+        str[end] = temp;
+        start++;
+        end--;
+    }
+}
+
+int uitoa(uint64_t value, char* buffer)
+{
+    int i = 0;
+    if (value == 0)
+    {
+        buffer[i++] = '0';
+        buffer[i] = '\0';
+        return i;
+    }
+
+    while (value > 0)
+    {
+        buffer[i++] = (value % 10) + '0';
+        value /= 10;
+    }
+
+    buffer[i] = '\0';
+    reverse(buffer, i);
+    return i;
+}
+
+int itoa(int64_t value, char* buffer)
+{
+    int i = 0;
+
+    if (value == 0)
+    {
+        buffer[i++] = '0';
+        buffer[i] = '\0';
+        return i;
+    }
+
+    bool negative = false;
+    uint64_t v;
+
+    if (value < 0)
+    {
+        negative = true;
+        v = (uint64_t)(-value);
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        v = (uint64_t)value;
+    }
+
+    while (v > 0)
+    {
+        buffer[i++] = (v % 10) + '0';
+        v /= 10;
+    }
+
+    if (negative)
+    {
+        buffer[i++] = '-';
+    }
+
+    buffer[i] = '\0';
+    reverse(buffer, i);
+
+    return i;
+}

src/string.h

@@ -1,3 +1,9 @@
 #pragma once
 
+#include <stddef.h>
+#include <stdint.h>
+
 int strcmp(const char* a, const char* b);
+void reverse(char* str, size_t length);
+int uitoa(uint64_t value, char* buffer);
+int itoa(int64_t value, char* buffer);

src/vga.c

@@ -1,4 +1,8 @@
 #include "vga.h"
+#include "string.h"
+#include <stdbool.h>
+#include <stddef.h>
+#include <stdint.h>
 
 #define ROWS 25
 #define COLUMNS 80
@@ -109,3 +113,31 @@ void vga_print(const char* string)
 {
     vga_print_colored(string, vga_default_color());
 }
+
+void vga_print_success(void)
+{
+    vga_print("[ ");
+    vga_print_colored("success", VGA_GREEN);
+    vga_print(" ]");
+}
+
+void vga_print_error(void)
+{
+    vga_print("[ ");
+    vga_print_colored("error", VGA_RED);
+    vga_print(" ]");
+}
+
+void vga_print_uint(uint64_t value)
+{
+    char buffer[11];
+    uitoa(value, buffer);
+    vga_print(buffer);
+}
+
+void vga_print_int(int64_t value)
+{
+    char buffer[12];
+    itoa(value, buffer);
+    vga_print(buffer);
+}

src/vga.h

@@ -27,6 +27,12 @@ void vga_set_cursor_position(uint8_t row, uint8_t col);
 void vga_print_colored(const char* string, vga_color_t color);
 void vga_print(const char* string);
 
+void vga_print_success(void);
+void vga_print_error(void);
+
+void vga_print_uint(uint64_t value);
+void vga_print_int(int64_t value);
+
 static inline vga_color_t vga_color(vga_color_t fg_color, vga_color_t bg_color)
 {
     return fg_color | bg_color << 4;