basic memory management

...
2025-09-06 00:59:52 +02:00 · 2025-09-05 23:59:59 +02:00 · 2025-09-05 21:43:41 +02:00 · 2025-09-05 21:41:00 +02:00 · 2025-09-03 19:25:58 +02:00 · 2025-09-03 19:22:53 +02:00
45 changed files with 559 additions and 550 deletions
--- a/.clangd
+++ b/.clangd
@@ -12,4 +12,8 @@ CompileFlags:
    - "-nostdinc"
    - "-nostdlib"
    - "-I"
-    - "/home/oliste/repos/nub-os/src/stdlib"
+    - "/home/oliste/repos/nub-os/src"
+    - "-I"
+    - "/home/oliste/repos/nub-os/src/kernel"
+    - "-I"
+    - "/home/oliste/repos/nub-os/src/arch"
--- a/.vscode/launch.json
+++ b/.vscode/launch.json
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+{
+    "version": "0.2.0",
+    "configurations": [
+        {
+            "type": "gdb",
+            "request": "attach",
+            "name": "Attach to QEMU",
+            "executable": "${workspaceFolder}/.build/kernel/kernel",
+            "target": "localhost:1234",
+            "remote": true,
+            "cwd": "${workspaceRoot}",
+            "gdbpath": "/usr/bin/gdb",
+            "autorun": [
+                "b _start"
+            ]
+        }
+    ]
+}
--- a/.vscode/settings.json
+++ b/.vscode/settings.json
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+{
+    "files.associations": {
+        "bitset": "c",
+        "algorithm": "c",
+        "format": "c",
+        "multiboot.h": "c"
+    }
+}
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -31,5 +31,5 @@ qemu-system-x86_64 -cdrom .build/nub-os.iso

 ```sh
 qemu-system-x86_64 -s -S -cdrom .build/nub-os.iso
-gdb -tui .build/kernel -ex "target remote localhost:1234"
+gdb -tui .build/kernel/kernel -ex "target remote localhost:1234"
 ```
--- a/linker.ld
+++ b/linker.ld
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ ENTRY(_start)
 SECTIONS
 {
 	. = 2M;
+	kernel_start = .;

 	.text BLOCK(4K) : ALIGN(4K)
 	{
@@ -25,4 +26,6 @@ SECTIONS
 		*(COMMON)
 		*(.bss)
 	}
+
+	kernel_end = .;
 }
--- a/8
+++ b/8
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ CC = x86_64-elf-gcc
 LD = x86_64-elf-ld
 AS = nasm

-CFLAGS 	= -m64 -ffreestanding -nostdinc -nostdlib -fno-builtin -Wall -Wextra -Wshadow -std=c11 -I src/stdlib -g
+CFLAGS 	= -m64 -ffreestanding -nostdinc -nostdlib -fno-builtin -Wall -Wextra -Wshadow -std=c11 -I src -I src/kernel -I src/arch -g
 LDFLAGS	= -g
 ASFLAGS	= -f elf64 -g -F dwarf

@@ -17,13 +17,13 @@ iso: .build/nub-os.iso
 clean:
 	@rm -r .build 2>/dev/null || true

-.build/nub-os.iso: .build/kernel grub.cfg
+.build/nub-os.iso: .build/kernel/kernel grub.cfg
 	mkdir -p .build/nub-os/boot/grub
 	cp grub.cfg .build/nub-os/boot/grub
-	cp .build/kernel .build/nub-os/boot/
+	cp .build/kernel/kernel .build/nub-os/boot/
 	grub-mkrescue -o .build/nub-os.iso .build/nub-os/

-.build/kernel: $(OBJS)
+.build/kernel/kernel: $(OBJS)
 	$(LD) $(LDFLAGS) -T linker.ld -o $@ $^

 .build/%.o: src/%.c
--- a/src/arch/arch.h
+++ b/src/arch/arch.h
@@ -1,21 +1,20 @@
 #pragma once

-#include <stddef.h>
-#include <stdint.h>
+#include "std.h"
+
+typedef void (*arch_panic_t)(const char*);
+typedef void (*arch_putchar_t)(char c);
+typedef void (*arch_enable_interrupts_t)();
+typedef void (*arch_disable_interrupts_t)();
+typedef void (*arch_halt_t)();

 typedef struct
 {
-    uint64_t base_address;
-    size_t length;
-} memory_region_t;
+    arch_panic_t panic;
+    arch_putchar_t putchar;
+    arch_enable_interrupts_t enable_interrupts;
+    arch_disable_interrupts_t disable_interrupts;
+    arch_halt_t halt;
+} arch_api_t;

-typedef struct
-{
-    memory_region_t* regions;
-    size_t num_regions;
-} memory_map_t;
-
-extern memory_map_t memory_map;
-
-void panic();
-void put_char(char character);
+extern arch_api_t arch_api;
--- a/src/arch/x86_64/boot/boot.asm
+++ b/src/arch/x86_64/boot/boot.asm
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 global _start
-extern entry
+global pml4
+extern x86_64_main

 %define FLAGS       0b10
 %define MAGIC       0x1BADB002
@@ -107,7 +108,7 @@ section .text
        add edi, 8
        loop .setup_pd

-        ; Load cr3 with the address of pml4
+        ; Tell the cpu where pml4 is
        mov eax, pml4
        mov cr3, eax

@@ -149,7 +150,7 @@ section .text
        ; Finally, we call in to c
        mov edi, [multiboot_magic]
        mov esi, [multiboot_info]
-        call entry
+        call x86_64_main
    .hang:
        hlt
        jmp .hang
--- a/src/arch/x86_64/console.c
+++ b/src/arch/x86_64/console.c
@@ -1,22 +1,21 @@
-#include "vga.h"
-#include <stddef.h>
+#include "console.h"

 #define ROWS 25
 #define COLUMNS 80

 typedef struct
 {
-    uint8_t character;
-    uint8_t color;
+    u8 character;
+    u8 color;
 } vga_char_t;

 static vga_char_t* vga_buffer = (vga_char_t*)0xb8000;
-static uint8_t cursor_row = 0;
-static uint8_t cursor_col = 0;
+static u8 cursor_row = 0;
+static u8 cursor_col = 0;

-void vga_put_char(char character, uint8_t color)
+void console_put_char(char c, u8 color)
 {
-    switch (character)
+    switch (c)
    {
    case '\n':
    {
@@ -31,7 +30,7 @@ void vga_put_char(char character, uint8_t color)
    }
    case '\t':
    {
-        uint8_t remainder = 4 - (cursor_col % 4);
+        u8 remainder = 4 - (cursor_col % 4);
        cursor_col += remainder;
        break;
    }
@@ -66,7 +65,7 @@ void vga_put_char(char character, uint8_t color)
    default:
    {
        vga_buffer[COLUMNS * cursor_row + cursor_col] = (vga_char_t){
-            .character = character,
+            .character = c,
            .color = color,
        };
        cursor_col += 1;
@@ -102,7 +101,7 @@ void vga_put_char(char character, uint8_t color)
    }
 }

-void vga_clear()
+void console_clear()
 {
    for (size_t row = 0; row < ROWS; row++)
    {
--- a/src/arch/x86_64/console.h
+++ b/src/arch/x86_64/console.h
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 #pragma once

-#include <stdint.h>
+#include "std.h"

 #define VGA_BLACK 0
 #define VGA_BLUE 1
@@ -21,5 +21,5 @@

 #define VGA_DEFAULT_COLOR VGA_LIGHT_GRAY | VGA_BLACK << 4

-void vga_put_char(char character, uint8_t color);
-void vga_clear();
+void console_put_char(char character, u8 color);
+void console_clear();
--- a/src/arch/x86_64/entry.c
+++ b/src/arch/x86_64/entry.c
@@ -1,44 +0,0 @@
-#include "../../kernel.h"
-#include "../arch.h"
-#include "interrupts/idt.h"
-#include "interrupts/irq.h"
-#include "mmap.h"
-#include "multiboot.h"
-#include "util.h"
-#include "vga.h"
-#include <stdint.h>
-#include <stdio.h>
-
-void entry(uint32_t magic, multiboot_info_t* info)
-{
-    if (magic != 0x2BADB002)
-    {
-        printf("Multiboot magic does not match\n");
-        panic();
-    }
-
-    if (info == NULL)
-    {
-        printf("Multiboot info is NULL\n");
-        panic();
-    }
-
-    vga_clear();
-    idt_init();
-    remap_pic();
-    map_memory(info);
-    enable_interrupts();
-    main();
-}
-
-void panic()
-{
-    printf("Kernel panic!\n");
-    disable_interrupts();
-    halt();
-}
-
-void put_char(char character)
-{
-    vga_put_char(character, VGA_DEFAULT_COLOR);
-}
--- a/src/arch/x86_64/interrupts/exceptions.c
+++ b/src/arch/x86_64/interrupts/exceptions.c
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 #include "exceptions.h"
-#include "../../arch.h"
+#include "../panic.h"

 static const char* exception_messages[32] = {
    "divide by zero",
@@ -39,5 +39,5 @@ static const char* exception_messages[32] = {
 void handle_exception(const isr_frame_t* frame)
 {
    printf("exception[%d]: %s, error code: %d\n", frame->int_no, exception_messages[frame->int_no], frame->err_code);
-    panic();
+    panic("An unhandled exception occurred");
 }
--- a/src/arch/x86_64/interrupts/exceptions.h
+++ b/src/arch/x86_64/interrupts/exceptions.h
@@ -2,7 +2,4 @@

 #include "isr.h"

-typedef void (*exception_handler_t)(const isr_frame_t*);
-
-void handle_exception(const isr_frame_t* frame);
-void register_exception_handler(uint8_t irq, exception_handler_t handler);
+void handle_exception(const isr_frame_t* frame);
--- a/src/arch/x86_64/interrupts/irq.c
+++ b/src/arch/x86_64/interrupts/irq.c
@@ -8,20 +8,6 @@

 static irq_handler_t irq_handlers[16] = {0};

-bool cpu_has_apic()
-{
-    uint32_t eax, edx;
-    cpuid(1, &eax, &edx);
-    return (edx & CPUID_FEAT_EDX_APIC) != 0;
-}
-
-void enable_apic()
-{
-    uint64_t apic_base = rdmsr(0x1B);
-    apic_base |= (1 << 11);
-    wrmsr(0x1B, apic_base);
-}
-
 void remap_pic()
 {
    outb(PIC1_COMMAND, 0x11);
@@ -40,13 +26,7 @@ void remap_pic()
    outb(PIC2_DATA, 0);
 }

-void disable_pic()
-{
-    outb(PIC1_DATA, 0xFF);
-    outb(PIC2_DATA, 0xFF);
-}
-
-void register_irq_handler(uint8_t irq, irq_handler_t handler)
+void register_irq_handler(u8 irq, irq_handler_t handler)
 {
    if (irq >= 16)
    {
@@ -60,7 +40,7 @@ void register_irq_handler(uint8_t irq, irq_handler_t handler)

 void handle_irq(const isr_frame_t* frame)
 {
-    uint8_t irq = frame->int_no - 32;
+    u8 irq = frame->int_no - 32;

    if (irq_handlers[irq])
    {
--- a/src/arch/x86_64/interrupts/irq.h
+++ b/src/arch/x86_64/interrupts/irq.h
@@ -1,13 +1,9 @@
 #pragma once

 #include "isr.h"
-#include <stdbool.h>

 typedef void (*irq_handler_t)(const isr_frame_t*);

 void remap_pic();
-void disable_pic();
-bool cpu_has_apic();
-void enable_apic();
 void handle_irq(const isr_frame_t* frame);
-void register_irq_handler(uint8_t irq, irq_handler_t handler);
+void register_irq_handler(u8 irq, irq_handler_t handler);
--- a/src/arch/x86_64/interrupts/isr.c
+++ b/src/arch/x86_64/interrupts/isr.c
@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 #include "isr.h"
 #include "exceptions.h"
 #include "irq.h"
-#include <stdio.h>

 void handle_isr(const isr_frame_t* frame)
 {
--- a/src/arch/x86_64/interrupts/isr.h
+++ b/src/arch/x86_64/interrupts/isr.h
@@ -1,23 +1,12 @@
 #pragma once

-#include <stdint.h>
-#include <stdio.h>
+#include "std.h"

 typedef struct
 {
-    uint64_t r15, r14, r13, r12, r11, r10, r9, r8;
-    uint64_t rbp, rdi, rsi, rdx, rcx, rbx, rax;
-    uint64_t int_no;
-    uint64_t err_code;
-    uint64_t rip, cs, rflags, rsp, ss;
-} __attribute__((packed)) isr_frame_t;
-
-static inline void enable_interrupts()
-{
-    __asm__ volatile("sti");
-}
-
-static inline void disable_interrupts()
-{
-    __asm__ volatile("cli");
-}
+    u64 r15, r14, r13, r12, r11, r10, r9, r8;
+    u64 rbp, rdi, rsi, rdx, rcx, rbx, rax;
+    u64 int_no;
+    u64 err_code;
+    u64 rip, cs, rflags, rsp, ss;
+} __attribute__((packed)) isr_frame_t;
--- a/src/arch/x86_64/keyboard.c
+++ b/src/arch/x86_64/keyboard.c
@@ -1,107 +0,0 @@
-// #include "keyboard.h"
-// #include "interrupts.h"
-// #include "util.h"
-// #include <stddef.h>
-
-// #define SCANCODE_LEFT_SHIFT 42
-// #define SCANCODE_RIGHT_SHIFT 54
-// #define SCANCODE_CAPS_LOCK 58
-
-// #define KEYBOARD_HANDLERS_LENGTH 32
-
-// unsigned const char us_keymap[128] = {
-//     0,   27,  '1', '2', '3',  '4', '5', '6',  '7', '8', '9',  '0', '-', '=', '\b', '\t', 'q', 'w',
-//     'e', 'r', 't', 'y', 'u',  'i', 'o', 'p',  '[', ']', '\n', 0,   'a', 's', 'd',  'f',  'g', 'h',
-//     'j', 'k', 'l', ';', '\'', '`', 0,   '\\', 'z', 'x', 'c',  'v', 'b', 'n', 'm',  ',',  '.', '/',
-//     0,   '*', 0,   ' ', 0,    0,   0,   0,    0,   0,   0,    0,   0,   0,   0,    0,    0,   0,
-//     0,   0,   '-', 0,   0,    0,   '+', 0,    0,   0,   0,    0,   0,   0,   0,    0,    0,   0,
-// };
-
-// unsigned const char us_keymap_shift[128] = {
-//     0,   27,  '!', '@', '#', '$', '%', '^', '&', '*', '(',  ')', '_', '+', '\b', '\t', 'Q', 'W',
-//     'E', 'R', 'T', 'Y', 'U', 'I', 'O', 'P', '{', '}', '\n', 0,   'A', 'S', 'D',  'F',  'G', 'H',
-//     'J', 'K', 'L', ':', '"', '~', 0,   '|', 'Z', 'X', 'C',  'V', 'B', 'N', 'M',  '<',  '>', '?',
-//     0,   '*', 0,   ' ', 0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,    0,   0,   0,   0,    0,    0,   0,
-//     0,   0,   '-', 0,   0,   0,   '+', 0,   0,   0,   0,    0,   0,   0,   0,    0,    0,   0,
-// };
-
-// bool shift = false;
-// bool caps_lock = false;
-
-// // todo(nub): make dynamic when a memory allocator is implemented
-// static keyboard_handler_t keyboard_handlers[KEYBOARD_HANDLERS_LENGTH];
-// static size_t handler_index = 0;
-
-// char scan_code_to_ascii(uint8_t scan_code)
-// {
-//     if (scan_code >= 128)
-//     {
-//         return 0;
-//     }
-
-//     if ((!caps_lock && shift) || (caps_lock && !shift))
-//     {
-//         return us_keymap_shift[scan_code];
-//     }
-//     else
-//     {
-//         return us_keymap[scan_code];
-//     }
-// }
-
-// void handle_keyboard(const isr_frame_t* frame)
-// {
-//     uint8_t code = inb(0x60);
-//     uint8_t scan_code = code & 0x7F;
-//     bool pressed = (code & 0x80) == 0;
-
-//     switch (scan_code)
-//     {
-//     case SCANCODE_LEFT_SHIFT:
-//     case SCANCODE_RIGHT_SHIFT:
-//     {
-//         shift = pressed;
-//         break;
-//     }
-//     case SCANCODE_CAPS_LOCK:
-//     {
-//         if (pressed)
-//         {
-//             caps_lock = !caps_lock;
-//         }
-//         break;
-//     }
-//     default:
-//     {
-//         keyboard_event_t event = {
-//             .scan_code = scan_code,
-//             .pressed = pressed,
-//             .caps_lock = caps_lock,
-//             .shift = shift,
-//             .ascii = scan_code_to_ascii(scan_code),
-//         };
-
-//         for (size_t i = 0; i < handler_index; i++)
-//         {
-//             keyboard_handlers[i](&event);
-//         }
-//     }
-//     }
-// }
-
-// void register_keypress_handler(const keyboard_handler_t handler)
-// {
-//     // todo(nub31): remove when a memory allocator is implemented and
-//     // keyboard_handlers is a dynamic list
-//     if (handler_index >= KEYBOARD_HANDLERS_LENGTH)
-//     {
-//     }
-
-//     keyboard_handlers[handler_index] = handler;
-//     handler_index += 1;
-// }
-
-// void keyboard_init()
-// {
-//     register_irq_handler(1, handle_keyboard);
-// }
--- a/src/arch/x86_64/keyboard.h
+++ b/src/arch/x86_64/keyboard.h
@@ -1,19 +0,0 @@
-// #pragma once
-
-// #include <stdbool.h>
-// #include <stdint.h>
-
-// typedef struct
-// {
-//     uint8_t scan_code;
-//     bool pressed;
-//     bool shift;
-//     bool caps_lock;
-//     char ascii;
-// } keyboard_event_t;
-
-// typedef void (*keyboard_handler_t)(const keyboard_event_t*);
-
-// void keyboard_init();
-// void register_keypress_handler(keyboard_handler_t handler);
-// char scan_code_to_ascii(uint8_t scan_code);
--- a/src/arch/x86_64/main.c
+++ b/src/arch/x86_64/main.c
@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+#include "arch.h"
+#include "console.h"
+#include "interrupts/idt.h"
+#include "interrupts/irq.h"
+#include "kernel.h"
+#include "mem.h"
+#include "panic.h"
+#include "util.h"
+
+void x86_64_main(u32 magic, multiboot_info_t* info)
+{
+    console_clear();
+
+    if (magic != 0x2BADB002)
+    {
+        panic("Multiboot magic does not match\n");
+    }
+
+    if (info == NULL)
+    {
+        panic("Multiboot info is NULL\n");
+    }
+
+    idt_init();
+    mem_init(info);
+
+    mem_alloc_2mb(MiB(128) + 1);
+
+    remap_pic();
+    enable_interrupts();
+    kernel_main();
+}
+
+void console_putchar(char c)
+{
+    console_put_char(c, VGA_DEFAULT_COLOR);
+}
+
+arch_api_t arch_api = {
+    .putchar = console_putchar,
+    .halt = halt,
+    .disable_interrupts = disable_interrupts,
+    .enable_interrupts = enable_interrupts,
+    .panic = panic,
+};
--- a/src/arch/x86_64/mem.c
+++ b/src/arch/x86_64/mem.c
@@ -0,0 +1,255 @@
+#include "mem.h"
+#include "x86_64/panic.h"
+
+typedef struct
+{
+    u64 base_address;
+    size_t length;
+} memory_region_t;
+
+typedef struct
+{
+    memory_region_t* regions;
+    size_t num_regions;
+} memory_map_t;
+
+#define USABLE_REGION_SIZE 32
+
+static memory_region_t usable_regions[USABLE_REGION_SIZE];
+static size_t num_regions = 0;
+
+// Fixed at 2mb for now
+#define PAGE_SIZE MiB(2)
+
+// Defines the theoretical max memory the kernel can allocate, not the actual memory of the system
+#define MAX_MEMORY GiB(64)
+
+#define BITMAP_PAGE_COUNT (MAX_MEMORY / PAGE_SIZE)
+#define BITMAP_SIZE (BITMAP_PAGE_COUNT / 8)
+
+static u8 page_bitmap[BITMAP_SIZE];
+static u64 total_pages = 0;
+static u64 free_pages = 0;
+
+#define PML4_INDEX(addr) (((addr) >> 39) & 0x1FF)
+#define PDPT_INDEX(addr) (((addr) >> 30) & 0x1FF)
+#define PD_INDEX(addr) (((addr) >> 21) & 0x1FF)
+
+#define PTE_MASK 0x000FFFFFFFFFF000ULL
+
+#define PTE_PRESENT (1ULL << 0)
+#define PTE_WRITABLE (1ULL << 1)
+#define PTE_USER (1ULL << 2)
+#define PTE_PS (1ULL << 7)
+
+extern u64 pml4[];
+
+void mem_init(multiboot_info_t* info)
+{
+    if (!(info->flags & (1 << 6)))
+    {
+        panic("Invalid memory map given by bootloader\n");
+    }
+
+    u64 offset = 0;
+    while (offset < info->mmap_length)
+    {
+        multiboot_memory_map_t* mmmt = (multiboot_memory_map_t*)(info->mmap_addr + offset);
+
+        if (mmmt->type == MULTIBOOT_MEMORY_AVAILABLE)
+        {
+            if (num_regions < USABLE_REGION_SIZE)
+            {
+                usable_regions[num_regions] = (memory_region_t){
+                    .base_address = mmmt->addr,
+                    .length = mmmt->len,
+                };
+
+                num_regions++;
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                printf("System has more memory than the usable memory map can hold\n");
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+
+        offset += mmmt->size + sizeof(mmmt->size);
+    }
+
+    memset(page_bitmap, 0xFF, BITMAP_SIZE);
+
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < num_regions; i++)
+    {
+        memory_region_t region = usable_regions[i];
+
+        u64 start_page = region.base_address / PAGE_SIZE;
+        u64 num_pages = region.length / PAGE_SIZE;
+
+        for (u64 page = start_page; page < start_page + num_pages; page++)
+        {
+            if (page < BITMAP_SIZE * 8)
+            {
+                page_bitmap[page / 8] &= ~(1 << (page % 8));
+                free_pages++;
+                total_pages++;
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                printf("System has more ram than the bitmap allows!\n");
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Mark first 32 pages (64mb) as unusable since it is reserved by the bootloader
+    // todo(nub31): This should be revisited. Maybe do a higher half kernel?
+    for (u64 page = 0; page < 32; page++)
+    {
+        if (page < BITMAP_PAGE_COUNT)
+        {
+            if (!(page_bitmap[page / 8] & (1 << (page % 8))))
+            {
+                page_bitmap[page / 8] |= (1 << (page % 8));
+                free_pages--;
+            }
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            panic("Bitmap is not large enough to hold the bootloader reserved memory");
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+u64 mem_alloc_2mb_physical_page()
+{
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < BITMAP_SIZE; i++)
+    {
+        if (page_bitmap[i] != 0xFF)
+        {
+            for (int bit = 0; bit < 8; bit++)
+            {
+                if (!(page_bitmap[i] & (1 << bit)))
+                {
+                    page_bitmap[i] |= (1 << bit);
+                    free_pages--;
+                    return ((i * 8 + bit) * PAGE_SIZE);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    return 0;
+}
+
+void mem_free_2mb_physical_page(u64 address)
+{
+    u64 page = address / PAGE_SIZE;
+    if (page < BITMAP_SIZE * 8)
+    {
+        if (page_bitmap[page / 8] & (1 << (page % 8)))
+        {
+            page_bitmap[page / 8] &= ~(1 << (page % 8));
+            free_pages++;
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+static u64 create_pte(u64 physical_address)
+{
+    if (physical_address & MiB(2) - 1)
+    {
+        printf("Physical address not 2MB aligned (0x%x)\n", physical_address);
+        panic("Failed to create PTE");
+    }
+
+    return (physical_address & PTE_MASK) | PTE_PRESENT | PTE_WRITABLE | PTE_PS;
+}
+
+void mem_map_2mb_page(u64 virtual_address, u64 physical_address)
+{
+    u64 pml4_idx = PML4_INDEX(virtual_address);
+    u64 pdpt_idx = PDPT_INDEX(virtual_address);
+    u64 pd_idx = PD_INDEX(virtual_address);
+
+    u64 pdpt = pml4[pml4_idx];
+    if (!(pdpt & PTE_PRESENT))
+    {
+        // todo(nub31): Dynamically create a pdpt table
+        printf("PDPT not present at PML4 index %u\n", pml4_idx);
+        panic("Failed to map virtual to physical page");
+    }
+
+    u64* pdpt_phys = (u64*)(pdpt & PTE_MASK);
+    u64 pd = pdpt_phys[pdpt_idx];
+    if (!(pd & PTE_PRESENT))
+    {
+        // todo(nub31): Dynamically create a pd table
+        printf("PD not present at PDPT index %u\n", pdpt_idx);
+        panic("Failed to map virtual to physical page");
+    }
+
+    u64* pd_phys = (u64*)(pd & PTE_MASK);
+    u64 entry = pd_phys[pd_idx];
+
+    if (entry & PTE_PRESENT)
+    {
+        printf("Virtual address 0x%x is already mapped\n", virtual_address);
+        panic("Failed to map virtual to physical page");
+    }
+
+    pd_phys[pd_idx] = create_pte(physical_address);
+}
+
+u64 mem_unmap_2mb_page(u64 virtual_address)
+{
+    u64 pml4_idx = PML4_INDEX(virtual_address);
+    u64 pdpt_idx = PDPT_INDEX(virtual_address);
+    u64 pd_idx = PD_INDEX(virtual_address);
+
+    u64 pdpt_entry = pml4[pml4_idx];
+    if (!(pdpt_entry & PTE_PRESENT))
+    {
+        printf("PDPT not present at PML4 index %llu\n", pml4_idx);
+        panic("Failed to unmap virtual address");
+    }
+
+    u64* pdpt_phys = (u64*)(pdpt_entry & PTE_MASK);
+    u64 pd_entry = pdpt_phys[pdpt_idx];
+    if (!(pd_entry & PTE_PRESENT))
+    {
+        printf("PD not present at PDPT index %llu\n", pdpt_idx);
+        panic("Failed to unmap virtual address");
+    }
+
+    u64* pd_phys = (u64*)(pd_entry & PTE_MASK);
+    if (!(pd_phys[pd_idx] & PTE_PRESENT))
+    {
+        printf("Virtual address 0x%llx is not mapped\n", virtual_address);
+        panic("Failed to unmap virtual address");
+    }
+    u64 phys = pd_phys[pd_idx] & PTE_MASK;
+    pd_phys[pd_idx] = 0;
+
+    __asm__ volatile("invlpg (%0)" : : "r"(virtual_address) : "memory");
+
+    return phys;
+}
+
+void* mem_alloc_2mb(u64 virtual_address)
+{
+    u64 phys = mem_alloc_2mb_physical_page();
+    if (!phys)
+    {
+        panic("Out of physical memory");
+    }
+
+    mem_map_2mb_page(virtual_address, phys);
+    return (void*)virtual_address;
+}
+
+void mem_free_2mb(u64 virtual_address)
+{
+    u64 phys = mem_unmap_2mb_page(virtual_address);
+    mem_free_2mb_physical_page(phys);
+}
--- a/src/arch/x86_64/mem.h
+++ b/src/arch/x86_64/mem.h
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#include "std.h"
+#include "x86_64/multiboot.h"
+
+#define KiB(count) ((u64)count * 1024)
+#define MiB(count) (KiB((u64)count) * 1024)
+#define GiB(count) (MiB((u64)count) * 1024)
+#define TiB(count) (GiB((u64)count) * 1024)
+
+void mem_init(multiboot_info_t* info);
+
+u64 mem_alloc_2mb_physical_page();
+void mem_free_2mb_physical_page(u64 address);
+
+void mem_map_2mb_page(u64 virtual_address, u64 physical_address);
+u64 mem_unmap_2mb_page(u64 virtual_address);
+
+void* mem_alloc_2mb(u64 virtual_address);
+void mem_free_2mb(u64 virtual_address);
--- a/src/arch/x86_64/mmap.c
+++ b/src/arch/x86_64/mmap.c
@@ -1,52 +0,0 @@
-#include "mmap.h"
-#include "../arch.h"
-#include <stddef.h>
-#include <stdio.h>
-
-#define USABLE_REGION_SIZE 32
-
-memory_map_t memory_map;
-
-static memory_region_t usable_regions[USABLE_REGION_SIZE];
-
-void map_memory(multiboot_info_t* info)
-{
-    if (!(info->flags & (1 << 6)))
-    {
-        printf("Invalid memory map given by bootloader\n");
-        panic();
-    }
-
-    size_t num_regions = 0;
-
-    uint64_t offset = 0;
-    while (offset < info->mmap_length)
-    {
-        multiboot_memory_map_t* mmmt = (multiboot_memory_map_t*)(info->mmap_addr + offset);
-
-        if (mmmt->type == MULTIBOOT_MEMORY_AVAILABLE)
-        {
-            if (num_regions < USABLE_REGION_SIZE)
-            {
-                usable_regions[num_regions] = (memory_region_t){
-                    .base_address = mmmt->addr,
-                    .length = mmmt->len,
-                };
-
-                num_regions++;
-            }
-            else
-            {
-                printf("System has more memory than the memory map can hold\n");
-                break;
-            }
-        }
-
-        offset += mmmt->size + sizeof(mmmt->size);
-    }
-
-    memory_map = (memory_map_t){
-        .num_regions = num_regions,
-        .regions = usable_regions,
-    };
-}
--- a/src/arch/x86_64/mmap.h
+++ b/src/arch/x86_64/mmap.h
@@ -1,6 +0,0 @@
-#pragma once
-
-#include "../arch.h"
-#include "multiboot.h"
-
-void map_memory(multiboot_info_t* mbd);
--- a/src/arch/x86_64/panic.c
+++ b/src/arch/x86_64/panic.c
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+#include "panic.h"
+#include "util.h"
+
+void panic(const char* msg)
+{
+    printf(msg);
+    halt();
+}
--- a/src/arch/x86_64/panic.h
+++ b/src/arch/x86_64/panic.h
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+#pragma once
+
+void panic(const char* msg);
--- a/src/arch/x86_64/util.h
+++ b/src/arch/x86_64/util.h
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 #pragma once

-#include <stdint.h>
+#include "std.h"

 enum
 {
@@ -68,14 +68,14 @@ enum
    CPUID_FEAT_EDX_PBE = 1 << 31
 };

-static inline void outb(uint16_t port, uint8_t val)
+static inline void outb(u16 port, u8 val)
 {
    __asm__ volatile("outb %0, %1" : : "a"(val), "Nd"(port));
 }

-static inline uint8_t inb(uint16_t port)
+static inline u8 inb(u16 port)
 {
-    uint8_t ret;
+    u8 ret;
    __asm__ volatile("inb %1, %0" : "=a"(ret) : "Nd"(port));
    return ret;
 }
@@ -85,22 +85,22 @@ static inline void io_wait()
    outb(0x80, 0);
 }

-static inline void cpuid(uint32_t code, uint32_t* a, uint32_t* d)
+static inline void cpuid(u32 code, u32* a, u32* d)
 {
    __asm__ volatile("cpuid" : "=a"(*a), "=d"(*d) : "a"(code) : "ecx", "ebx");
 }

-static inline uint64_t rdmsr(uint32_t msr)
+static inline u64 rdmsr(u32 msr)
 {
-    uint32_t lo, hi;
+    u32 lo, hi;
    __asm__ volatile("rdmsr" : "=a"(lo), "=d"(hi) : "c"(msr));
-    return ((uint64_t)hi << 32) | lo;
+    return ((u64)hi << 32) | lo;
 }

-static inline void wrmsr(uint32_t msr, uint64_t value)
+static inline void wrmsr(u32 msr, u64 value)
 {
-    uint32_t lo = (uint32_t)value;
-    uint32_t hi = (uint32_t)(value >> 32);
+    u32 lo = (u32)value;
+    u32 hi = (u32)(value >> 32);
    __asm__ volatile("wrmsr" : : "c"(msr), "a"(lo), "d"(hi));
 }

@@ -110,4 +110,14 @@ static inline void halt()
    {
        __asm__ volatile("hlt");
    }
+}
+
+static inline void enable_interrupts()
+{
+    __asm__ volatile("sti");
+}
+
+static inline void disable_interrupts()
+{
+    __asm__ volatile("cli");
 }
--- a/src/kernel.c
+++ b/src/kernel.c
@@ -1,9 +0,0 @@
-#include "kernel.h"
-#include "pmm.h"
-#include <stdio.h>
-
-void main()
-{
-    pmm_init();
-    printf("Welcome to nub OS :)\n");
-}
--- a/src/kernel.h
+++ b/src/kernel.h
@@ -1,3 +0,0 @@
-#pragma once
-
-void main();
--- a/src/kernel/kernel.c
+++ b/src/kernel/kernel.c
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+#include "kernel.h"
+#include "std.h"
+
+void kernel_main()
+{
+    printf("Welcome to nub OS :)\n");
+}
--- a/src/kernel/kernel.h
+++ b/src/kernel/kernel.h
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+#pragma once
+
+void kernel_main();
--- a/src/pmm.c
+++ b/src/pmm.c
@@ -1,87 +0,0 @@
-#include "pmm.h"
-#include "arch/arch.h"
-#include <stddef.h>
-#include <stdio.h>
-#include <string.h>
-
-#define BITMAP_SIZE 32768 // Supports up to 1GB of RAM
-#define USABLE_REGION_SIZE 32
-
-static uint8_t page_bitmap[BITMAP_SIZE];
-static uint64_t total_pages = 0;
-static uint64_t free_pages = 0;
-
-void pmm_init()
-{
-    memset(page_bitmap, 0xFF, BITMAP_SIZE);
-
-    for (size_t i = 0; i < memory_map.num_regions; i++)
-    {
-        memory_region_t region = memory_map.regions[i];
-
-        uint64_t start_page = region.base_address / PAGE_SIZE;
-        uint64_t num_pages = region.length / PAGE_SIZE;
-
-        for (uint64_t page = start_page; page < start_page + num_pages; page++)
-        {
-            if (page < BITMAP_SIZE * 8)
-            {
-                page_bitmap[page / 8] &= ~(1 << (page % 8));
-                free_pages++;
-                total_pages++;
-            }
-            else
-            {
-                printf("System has more ram than the bitmap allows!\n");
-                break;
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    // Reserve first 64MB which is reserved by boot code
-    for (uint64_t page = 0; page < (64 * 1024 * 1024) / PAGE_SIZE; page++)
-    {
-        if (page < BITMAP_SIZE * 8)
-        {
-            if (!(page_bitmap[page / 8] & (1 << (page % 8))))
-            {
-                page_bitmap[page / 8] |= (1 << (page % 8));
-                free_pages--;
-            }
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-uint64_t pmm_alloc_page()
-{
-    for (size_t i = 0; i < BITMAP_SIZE; i++)
-    {
-        if (page_bitmap[i] != 0xFF)
-        {
-            for (int bit = 0; bit < 8; bit++)
-            {
-                if (!(page_bitmap[i] & (1 << bit)))
-                {
-                    page_bitmap[i] |= (1 << bit);
-                    free_pages--;
-                    return ((i * 8 + bit) * PAGE_SIZE);
-                }
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    return 0;
-}
-
-void pmm_free_page(uint64_t addr)
-{
-    uint64_t page = addr / PAGE_SIZE;
-    if (page < BITMAP_SIZE * 8)
-    {
-        if (page_bitmap[page / 8] & (1 << (page % 8)))
-        {
-            page_bitmap[page / 8] &= ~(1 << (page % 8));
-            free_pages++;
-        }
-    }
-}
--- a/src/pmm.h
+++ b/src/pmm.h
@@ -1,9 +0,0 @@
-#pragma once
-
-#include <stdint.h>
-
-#define PAGE_SIZE 4096
-
-void pmm_init();
-uint64_t pmm_alloc_page();
-void pmm_free_page(uint64_t addr);
--- a/src/std.h
+++ b/src/std.h
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#include "stdlib/def.h"
+#include "stdlib/io.h"
+#include "stdlib/mem.h"
+#include "stdlib/string.h"
--- a/src/stdlib/def.h
+++ b/src/stdlib/def.h
@@ -0,0 +1,63 @@
+#pragma once
+
+typedef __builtin_va_list va_list;
+
+#define va_start(ap, last) __builtin_va_start(ap, last)
+#define va_arg(ap, type) __builtin_va_arg(ap, type)
+#define va_end(ap) __builtin_va_end(ap)
+#define va_copy(dest, src) __builtin_va_copy(dest, src)
+
+#define bool _Bool
+#define true 1
+#define false 0
+
+#define __bool_true_false_are_defined 1
+
+#ifndef NULL
+#define NULL ((void*)0)
+#endif
+
+typedef unsigned long size_t;
+typedef unsigned long uintptr_t;
+
+#define offsetof(type, member) __builtin_offsetof(type, member)
+
+typedef unsigned char u8;
+typedef signed char i8;
+typedef unsigned short u16;
+typedef signed short i16;
+typedef unsigned int u32;
+typedef signed int i32;
+typedef unsigned long long u64;
+typedef signed long long i64;
+
+#define INT8_MIN (-128)
+#define INT8_MAX 127
+#define UINT8_MAX 0xff
+
+#define INT16_MIN (-32768)
+#define INT16_MAX 32767
+#define UINT16_MAX 0xffff
+
+#define INT32_MIN (-2147483647 - 1)
+#define INT32_MAX 2147483647
+#define UINT32_MAX 0xffffffffU
+
+#define INT64_MIN (-9223372036854775807LL - 1)
+#define INT64_MAX 9223372036854775807LL
+#define UINT64_MAX 0xffffffffffffffffULL
+
+#define INT8_C(x) x
+#define UINT8_C(x) x##U
+
+#define INT16_C(x) x
+#define UINT16_C(x) x##U
+
+#define INT32_C(x) x
+#define UINT32_C(x) x##U
+
+#define INT64_C(x) x##LL
+#define UINT64_C(x) x##ULL
+
+#define INTMAX_C(x) x##LL
+#define UINTMAX_C(x) x##ULL
--- a/src/stdlib/stdio.c
+++ b/src/stdlib/stdio.c
@@ -1,9 +1,4 @@
-#include "../arch/arch.h"
-#include <stdarg.h>
-#include <stdbool.h>
-#include <stddef.h>
-#include <stdio.h>
-#include <string.h>
+#include "arch.h"

 void printf(const char* fmt, ...)
 {
@@ -20,54 +15,54 @@ void printf(const char* fmt, ...)

            if (fmt[i] == '%')
            {
-                put_char('%');
+                arch_api.putchar('%');
            }
            else if (fmt[i] == 's')
            {
                const char* str = va_arg(args, const char*);
                for (size_t j = 0; str[j] != '\0'; j++)
                {
-                    put_char(str[j]);
+                    arch_api.putchar(str[j]);
                }
            }
            else if (fmt[i] == 'c')
            {
-                char character = (char)va_arg(args, int64_t);
-                put_char(character);
+                char character = (char)va_arg(args, u64);
+                arch_api.putchar(character);
            }
            else if (fmt[i] == 'd')
            {
-                int64_t val = va_arg(args, int64_t);
+                u64 val = va_arg(args, u64);
                char buf[21];
                itoa64(val, buf);
                for (size_t j = 0; buf[j] != '\0'; j++)
                {
-                    put_char(buf[j]);
+                    arch_api.putchar(buf[j]);
                }
            }
            else if (fmt[i] == 'u')
            {
-                uint64_t val = va_arg(args, uint64_t);
+                u64 val = va_arg(args, u64);
                char buf[21];
                uitoa64(val, buf);
                for (size_t j = 0; buf[j] != '\0'; j++)
                {
-                    put_char(buf[j]);
+                    arch_api.putchar(buf[j]);
                }
            }
            else if (fmt[i] == 'x')
            {
-                uint64_t val = va_arg(args, uint64_t);
+                u64 val = va_arg(args, u64);
                char buf[17];
                uitoa64_hex(val, buf);
                for (size_t j = 0; buf[j] != '\0'; j++)
                {
-                    put_char(buf[j]);
+                    arch_api.putchar(buf[j]);
                }
            }
            else
            {
-                put_char(fmt[i]);
+                arch_api.putchar(fmt[i]);
            }
        }
        else if (fmt[i] == '%')
@@ -76,7 +71,7 @@ void printf(const char* fmt, ...)
        }
        else
        {
-            put_char(fmt[i]);
+            arch_api.putchar(fmt[i]);
        }
    }

--- a/src/stdlib/stdio.h
+++ b/src/stdlib/stdio.h
--- a/src/stdlib/mem.c
+++ b/src/stdlib/mem.c
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+#include "mem.h"
+
+void memset(void* destination, u8 value, size_t length)
+{
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < length; i++)
+    {
+        ((u8*)destination)[i] = value;
+    }
+}
+
+void memcpy(void* destination, void* source, size_t length)
+{
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < length; i++)
+    {
+        ((u8*)destination)[i] = ((u8*)source)[i];
+    }
+}
--- a/src/stdlib/mem.h
+++ b/src/stdlib/mem.h
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#include "std.h"
+
+void memset(void* destination, u8 value, size_t length);
+void memcpy(void* destination, void* source, size_t length);
--- a/src/stdlib/stdarg.h
+++ b/src/stdlib/stdarg.h
@@ -1,8 +0,0 @@
-#pragma once
-
-typedef __builtin_va_list va_list;
-
-#define va_start(ap, last) __builtin_va_start(ap, last)
-#define va_arg(ap, type) __builtin_va_arg(ap, type)
-#define va_end(ap) __builtin_va_end(ap)
-#define va_copy(dest, src) __builtin_va_copy(dest, src)
--- a/src/stdlib/stdbool.h
+++ b/src/stdlib/stdbool.h
@@ -1,7 +0,0 @@
-#pragma once
-
-#define bool _Bool
-#define true 1
-#define false 0
-
-#define __bool_true_false_are_defined 1
--- a/src/stdlib/stddef.h
+++ b/src/stdlib/stddef.h
@@ -1,12 +0,0 @@
-#pragma once
-
-#ifndef NULL
-#define NULL ((void*)0)
-#endif
-
-typedef unsigned long size_t;
-typedef long ptrdiff_t;
-typedef long intptr_t;
-typedef unsigned long uintptr_t;
-
-#define offsetof(type, member) __builtin_offsetof(type, member)
--- a/src/stdlib/stdint.h
+++ b/src/stdlib/stdint.h
@@ -1,50 +0,0 @@
-#pragma once
-
-typedef signed char int8_t;
-typedef unsigned char uint8_t;
-typedef signed short int16_t;
-typedef unsigned short uint16_t;
-typedef signed int int32_t;
-typedef unsigned int uint32_t;
-typedef signed long long int64_t;
-typedef unsigned long long uint64_t;
-
-typedef uint8_t u8;
-typedef int8_t i8;
-typedef uint16_t u16;
-typedef int16_t i16;
-typedef uint32_t u32;
-typedef int32_t i32;
-typedef uint64_t u64;
-typedef int64_t i64;
-
-#define INT8_MIN (-128)
-#define INT8_MAX 127
-#define UINT8_MAX 0xff
-
-#define INT16_MIN (-32768)
-#define INT16_MAX 32767
-#define UINT16_MAX 0xffff
-
-#define INT32_MIN (-2147483647 - 1)
-#define INT32_MAX 2147483647
-#define UINT32_MAX 0xffffffffU
-
-#define INT64_MIN (-9223372036854775807LL - 1)
-#define INT64_MAX 9223372036854775807LL
-#define UINT64_MAX 0xffffffffffffffffULL
-
-#define INT8_C(x) x
-#define UINT8_C(x) x##U
-
-#define INT16_C(x) x
-#define UINT16_C(x) x##U
-
-#define INT32_C(x) x
-#define UINT32_C(x) x##U
-
-#define INT64_C(x) x##LL
-#define UINT64_C(x) x##ULL
-
-#define INTMAX_C(x) x##LL
-#define UINTMAX_C(x) x##ULL
--- a/src/stdlib/string.c
+++ b/src/stdlib/string.c
@@ -1,12 +1,4 @@
-#include <string.h>
-
-void memset(void* destination, uint8_t value, size_t length)
-{
-    for (size_t i = 0; i < length; i++)
-    {
-        ((uint8_t*)destination)[i] = value;
-    }
-}
+#include "string.h"

 int strcmp(const char* a, const char* b)
 {
@@ -33,7 +25,7 @@ void reverse(char* str, size_t length)
    }
 }

-void itoa64(int64_t value, char* buffer)
+void itoa64(i64 value, char* buffer)
 {
    char temp[21];
    int i = 0, j = 0;
@@ -83,7 +75,7 @@ void itoa64(int64_t value, char* buffer)
    buffer[j] = '\0';
 }

-void uitoa64(uint64_t value, char* buffer)
+void uitoa64(u64 value, char* buffer)
 {
    char temp[21];
    int i = 0, j = 0;
@@ -108,7 +100,7 @@ void uitoa64(uint64_t value, char* buffer)
    buffer[j] = '\0';
 }

-void uitoa64_hex(uint64_t value, char* buffer)
+void uitoa64_hex(u64 value, char* buffer)
 {
    const char* digits = "0123456789abcdef";
    char temp[17];
--- a/src/stdlib/string.h
+++ b/src/stdlib/string.h
@@ -1,11 +1,10 @@
 #pragma once

-#include <stddef.h>
-#include <stdint.h>
+#include "std.h"

-void memset(void* destination, uint8_t value, size_t length);
 int strcmp(const char* a, const char* b);
 void reverse(char* str, size_t length);
-void uitoa64(uint64_t value, char* buffer);
-void itoa64(int64_t value, char* buffer);
-void uitoa64_hex(uint64_t value, char* buffer);
+
+void uitoa64(u64 value, char* buffer);
+void itoa64(i64 value, char* buffer);
+void uitoa64_hex(u64 value, char* buffer);
Author	SHA1	Message	Date
nub31	a3822dd350	basic memory management	2025-09-06 00:59:52 +02:00
nub31	bcf05c055e	...	2025-09-05 23:59:59 +02:00
nub31	2aa44eaa51	...	2025-09-05 21:43:41 +02:00
nub31	0f6b66a486	...	2025-09-05 21:41:00 +02:00
nub31	8e986807df	...	2025-09-03 19:25:58 +02:00
nub31	bb923621f9	better api	2025-09-03 19:22:53 +02:00
nub31	b7bbccca73	...	2025-09-03 18:38:02 +02:00
nub31	f05e7c9e64	...	2025-09-03 18:31:10 +02:00
nub31	0583c8c1a3	...	2025-09-03 17:43:23 +02:00
nub31	0b8ee325aa	...	2025-09-03 17:20:00 +02:00