...

.clang-format

@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+IndentWidth: 4
+ColumnLimit: 120
+
+AllowShortFunctionsOnASingleLine: None
+AllowShortBlocksOnASingleLine: Never
+AllowShortIfStatementsOnASingleLine: Never
+AllowShortLoopsOnASingleLine: false

.clangd

@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+CompileFlags:
+  Add: [ -m32, -ffreestanding, -fno-stack-protector, -nostdlib, -nostdinc, -Wall, -Wextra, -std=c23 ]

makefile

@@ -1,18 +1,18 @@
-CC = x86_64-elf-gcc
-LD = x86_64-elf-ld
+CC = i686-elf-gcc
+LD = i686-elf-ld
 AS = nasm
 
 # Modify these settings here for defines and debug info
-# CFLAGS 	= -g -D DEBUG
-# LDFLAGS = -g
-# ASFLAGS = -g -F dwarf
+CFLAGS  = -g -D DEBUG
+LDFLAGS	= -g
+ASFLAGS = -g -F dwarf
 
 # Do not modify
-CFLAGS 	+= -m64 -ffreestanding -nostdinc -nostdlib -Wall -Wextra -Wshadow -std=c23
+CFLAGS += -m32 -ffreestanding -fno-stack-protector -nostdlib -nostdinc -Wall -Wextra -std=c23
 LDFLAGS	+=
-ASFLAGS	+= -f elf64
+ASFLAGS	+= -f elf32
 
-SRC_C	:= $(shell find src -name '*.c')
+SRC_C   := $(shell find src -name '*.c')
 SRC_ASM := $(shell find src -name '*.asm')
 
 OBJS := $(patsubst src/%.c, .build/%.o, $(SRC_C)) $(patsubst src/%.asm, .build/%.o, $(SRC_ASM))

src/boot.asm

@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
-global entry
+global _start
+extern kmain
 
 %define MAGIC   0xe85250d6
 %define ARCH    0x0
@@ -18,7 +19,19 @@ header:
         dd 8
     .end:
 
+section .bss
+align 4096
+stack:
+    .bottom:
+        resb 1024 * 16
+    .top:
+
 section .text
 bits 32
-entry:
-    jmp $
+_start:
+    mov esp, stack.top
+    call kmain
+.halt:
+    cli
+    hlt
+    jmp .halt

src/console.c

@@ -0,0 +1,98 @@
+#include "console.h"
+
+#define ROWS 25
+#define COLUMNS 80
+
+typedef struct {
+    u8 character;
+    u8 color;
+} vga_char_t;
+
+static vga_char_t *vga_buffer = (vga_char_t *)0xb8000;
+static u8 cursor_row = 0;
+static u8 cursor_col = 0;
+
+void console_putchar(char c, u8 color) {
+    switch (c) {
+    case '\n': {
+        cursor_row += 1;
+        cursor_col = 0;
+        break;
+    }
+    case '\r': {
+        cursor_col = 0;
+        break;
+    }
+    case '\t': {
+        u8 remainder = 4 - (cursor_col % 4);
+        cursor_col += remainder;
+        break;
+    }
+    case '\b': {
+        if (cursor_col > 0) {
+            cursor_col -= 1;
+        } else if (cursor_row > 0) {
+            cursor_row -= 1;
+
+            cursor_col = 0;
+            for (int col = COLUMNS - 1; col >= 0; col--) {
+                vga_char_t cell = vga_buffer[cursor_row * COLUMNS + col];
+                if (cell.character != ' ') {
+                    cursor_col = col;
+                    break;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        vga_buffer[cursor_row * COLUMNS + cursor_col] = (vga_char_t){
+            .character = ' ',
+            .color = VGA_DEFAULT_COLOR,
+        };
+        break;
+    }
+    default: {
+        vga_buffer[COLUMNS * cursor_row + cursor_col] = (vga_char_t){
+            .character = c,
+            .color = color,
+        };
+        cursor_col += 1;
+        break;
+    }
+    }
+
+    if (cursor_col >= COLUMNS) {
+        cursor_col = 0;
+        cursor_row += 1;
+    }
+
+    if (cursor_row >= ROWS) {
+        for (size_t row = 1; row < ROWS; row++) {
+            for (size_t col = 0; col < COLUMNS; col++) {
+                vga_buffer[COLUMNS * (row - 1) + col] = vga_buffer[COLUMNS * row + col];
+            }
+        }
+
+        for (size_t col = 0; col < COLUMNS; col++) {
+            vga_buffer[COLUMNS * (ROWS - 1) + col] = (vga_char_t){
+                .character = ' ',
+                .color = VGA_DEFAULT_COLOR,
+            };
+        };
+
+        cursor_row = ROWS - 1;
+    }
+}
+
+void console_clear() {
+    for (size_t row = 0; row < ROWS; row++) {
+        for (size_t col = 0; col < COLUMNS; col++) {
+            vga_buffer[COLUMNS * row + col] = (vga_char_t){
+                .character = ' ',
+                .color = VGA_DEFAULT_COLOR,
+            };
+        }
+    }
+
+    cursor_row = 0;
+    cursor_col = 0;
+}

src/console.h

@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#include "def.h"
+
+#define VGA_BLACK 0
+#define VGA_BLUE 1
+#define VGA_GREEN 2
+#define VGA_CYAN 3
+#define VGA_RED 4
+#define VGA_MAGENTA 5
+#define VGA_BROWN 6
+#define VGA_LIGHT_GRAY 7
+#define VGA_DARK_GRAY 8
+#define VGA_LIGHT_BLUE 9
+#define VGA_LIGHT_GREEN 10
+#define VGA_LIGHT_CYAN 11
+#define VGA_LIGHT_RED 12
+#define VGA_LIGHT_MAGENTA 13
+#define VGA_YELLOW 14
+#define VGA_WHITE 15
+
+#define VGA_COLOR(fg, bg) (fg | bg << 4)
+
+#define VGA_DEFAULT_COLOR VGA_COLOR(VGA_LIGHT_GRAY, VGA_BLACK)
+
+void console_putchar(char character, u8 color);
+void console_clear();

src/def.h

@@ -0,0 +1,56 @@
+#pragma once
+
+typedef __builtin_va_list va_list;
+
+#define va_start(ap, last) __builtin_va_start(ap, last)
+#define va_arg(ap, type) __builtin_va_arg(ap, type)
+#define va_end(ap) __builtin_va_end(ap)
+#define va_copy(dest, src) __builtin_va_copy(dest, src)
+
+#ifndef NULL
+#define NULL ((void *)0)
+#endif
+
+typedef unsigned long size_t;
+typedef unsigned long uintptr_t;
+
+#define offsetof(type, member) __builtin_offsetof(type, member)
+
+typedef unsigned char u8;
+typedef signed char i8;
+typedef unsigned short u16;
+typedef signed short i16;
+typedef unsigned int u32;
+typedef signed int i32;
+
+#define I8_MIN (-128)
+#define I8_MAX 127
+
+#define U8_MIN 0x0
+#define U8_MAX 0xff
+
+#define I16_MIN (-32768)
+#define I16_MAX 32767
+
+#define U16_MIN 0x0
+#define U16_MAX 0xffff
+
+#define I32_MIN (-2147483647 - 1)
+#define I32_MAX 2147483647
+
+#define U32_MIN 0x0
+#define U32_MAX 0xffffffffU
+
+#define I8_C(x) x
+#define U8_C(x) x##U
+
+#define I16_C(x) x
+#define U16_C(x) x##U
+
+#define I32_C(x) x
+#define U32_C(x) x##U
+
+#define KiB(count) (U64_C(count) * U64_C(1024))
+#define MiB(count) (U64_C(count) * U64_C(1024) * U64_C(1024))
+#define GiB(count) (U64_C(count) * U64_C(1024) * U64_C(1024) * U64_C(1024))
+#define TiB(count) (U64_C(count) * U64_C(1024) * U64_C(1024) * U64_C(1024) * U64_C(1024))

src/linker.ld

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-ENTRY(entry)
+ENTRY(_start)
 
 SECTIONS
 {

src/main.c

@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+#include "console.h"
+#include "print.h"
+
+// Multiboot 2 puts us in 32-bit protected mode with interrupts disabled
+void kmain(void) {
+    console_clear();
+    kprintf("booting nub-os\n");
+}

src/print.c

@@ -0,0 +1,73 @@
+#include "print.h"
+#include "console.h"
+#include "def.h"
+#include "string.h"
+
+// Supported formats:
+//     - `d`: i32     (decimal)
+//     - `u`: u32     (decimal)
+//     - `x`: u32     (hex)
+//     - `c`: char    (ascii)
+//     - `s`: char*   (ascii string)
+//
+// ```c
+// printf(
+//     "The answer is %d is located at offset %x in file %s",
+//      42,
+//      0x2000
+//      "hitchhiker.txt"
+// );
+// ```
+void kprintf(const char *fmt, ...) {
+    va_list args;
+    va_start(args, fmt);
+
+    bool should_format = false;
+
+    for (size_t i = 0; fmt[i] != '\0'; i++) {
+        if (should_format) {
+            should_format = false;
+
+            if (fmt[i] == '%') {
+                console_putchar('%', VGA_DEFAULT_COLOR);
+            } else if (fmt[i] == 's') {
+                const char *str = va_arg(args, const char *);
+                for (size_t j = 0; str[j] != '\0'; j++) {
+                    console_putchar(str[j], VGA_DEFAULT_COLOR);
+                }
+            } else if (fmt[i] == 'c') {
+                char character = (char)va_arg(args, u32);
+                console_putchar(character, VGA_DEFAULT_COLOR);
+            } else if (fmt[i] == 'd') {
+                u32 val = va_arg(args, u32);
+                char buf[21];
+                itoa(val, buf);
+                for (size_t j = 0; buf[j] != '\0'; j++) {
+                    console_putchar(buf[j], VGA_DEFAULT_COLOR);
+                }
+            } else if (fmt[i] == 'u') {
+                u32 val = va_arg(args, u32);
+                char buf[21];
+                uitoa(val, buf);
+                for (size_t j = 0; buf[j] != '\0'; j++) {
+                    console_putchar(buf[j], VGA_DEFAULT_COLOR);
+                }
+            } else if (fmt[i] == 'x') {
+                u32 val = va_arg(args, u32);
+                char buf[17];
+                uitoa_hex(val, buf);
+                for (size_t j = 0; buf[j] != '\0'; j++) {
+                    console_putchar(buf[j], VGA_DEFAULT_COLOR);
+                }
+            } else {
+                console_putchar(fmt[i], VGA_DEFAULT_COLOR);
+            }
+        } else if (fmt[i] == '%') {
+            should_format = true;
+        } else {
+            console_putchar(fmt[i], VGA_DEFAULT_COLOR);
+        }
+    }
+
+    va_end(args);
+}

src/print.h

@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+#pragma once
+
+void kprintf(const char *fmt, ...);

src/string.c

@@ -0,0 +1,105 @@
+#include "string.h"
+
+int strcmp(const char *a, const char *b) {
+    while ((*a != '\0' && *b != '\0') && *a == *b) {
+        a++;
+        b++;
+    }
+
+    return (*a == *b) ? 0 : (*a > *b) ? 1 : -1;
+}
+
+void reverse(char *str, size_t length) {
+    int start = 0;
+    int end = length - 1;
+    while (start < end) {
+        char temp = str[start];
+        str[start] = str[end];
+        str[end] = temp;
+        start++;
+        end--;
+    }
+}
+
+void itoa(i32 value, char *buffer) {
+    char temp[21];
+    int i = 0, j = 0;
+    int negative = 0;
+
+    if (value < 0) {
+        negative = 1;
+        if (value == I32_MIN) {
+            const char *min_str = "9223372036854775808";
+            for (i = 0; min_str[i] != '\0'; i++)
+                temp[i] = min_str[i];
+            i = 19;
+        } else {
+            value = -value;
+        }
+    }
+
+    if (value == 0 && !negative) {
+        buffer[0] = '0';
+        buffer[1] = '\0';
+        return;
+    }
+
+    if (!(negative && value == I32_MIN)) {
+        while (value > 0) {
+            temp[i++] = '0' + (value % 10);
+            value /= 10;
+        }
+    }
+
+    if (negative) {
+        temp[i++] = '-';
+    }
+
+    while (i > 0) {
+        buffer[j++] = temp[--i];
+    }
+    buffer[j] = '\0';
+}
+
+void uitoa(u32 value, char *buffer) {
+    char temp[21];
+    int i = 0, j = 0;
+
+    if (value == 0) {
+        buffer[0] = '0';
+        buffer[1] = '\0';
+        return;
+    }
+
+    while (value > 0) {
+        temp[i++] = '0' + (value % 10);
+        value /= 10;
+    }
+
+    while (i > 0) {
+        buffer[j++] = temp[--i];
+    }
+    buffer[j] = '\0';
+}
+
+void uitoa_hex(u32 value, char *buffer) {
+    const char *digits = "0123456789abcdef";
+    char temp[17];
+    int pos = 0;
+
+    if (value == 0) {
+        buffer[0] = '0';
+        buffer[1] = '\0';
+        return;
+    }
+
+    while (value > 0 && pos < 16) {
+        temp[pos++] = digits[value & 0xF];
+        value >>= 4;
+    }
+
+    for (int i = 0; i < pos; i++) {
+        buffer[i] = temp[pos - i - 1];
+    }
+    buffer[pos] = '\0';
+}

src/string.h

@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#include "def.h"
+
+int strcmp(const char *a, const char *b);
+void reverse(char *str, size_t length);
+
+void itoa(i32 value, char *buffer);
+void uitoa(u32 value, char *buffer);
+void uitoa_hex(u32 value, char *buffer);