...

.clang-format

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 IndentWidth: 4
-ColumnLimit: 100
+ColumnLimit: 120
 
 # Pointer formatting
 DerivePointerAlignment: false

.vscode/c_cpp_properties.json

@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+{
+    "version": 4,
+    "configurations": [
+        {
+            "name": "kernel",
+            "defines": [
+                "DEBUG",
+                "true=1", // https://github.com/microsoft/vscode-cpptools/issues/10696
+                "false=0" // https://github.com/microsoft/vscode-cpptools/issues/10696
+            ],
+            "includePath": [
+                "src/lib"
+            ],
+            "intelliSenseMode": "linux-gcc-x64",
+            "compilerPath": "/usr/bin/x86_64-elf-gcc",
+            "cStandard": "c23",
+            "compilerArgs": [
+                "-m64",
+                "-ffreestanding",
+                "-nostdinc",
+                "-nostdlib",
+                "-Wall",
+                "-Wextra",
+                "-Wshadow"
+            ]
+        }
+    ]
+}

.vscode/launch.json

@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+{
+    "version": "0.2.0",
+    "configurations": [
+        {
+            "type": "gdb",
+            "request": "attach",
+            "name": "Attach to QEMU",
+            "executable": "${workspaceFolder}/.build/kernel/kernel",
+            "target": "localhost:1234",
+            "remote": true,
+            "cwd": "${workspaceRoot}",
+            "gdbpath": "/usr/bin/gdb",
+            "autorun": [
+                "b _start"
+            ]
+        }
+    ]
+}

.vscode/settings.json

@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+{
+    "files.associations": {
+        "bitset": "c",
+        "algorithm": "c",
+        "format": "c",
+        "multiboot.h": "c",
+        "irq.h": "c",
+        "idt.h": "c",
+        "util.h": "c",
+        "deque": "c",
+        "forward_list": "c",
+        "list": "c",
+        "string": "c",
+        "unordered_map": "c",
+        "unordered_set": "c",
+        "vector": "c",
+        "any": "c",
+        "system_error": "c",
+        "std.h": "c",
+        "panic.h": "c",
+        "pmm.h": "c",
+        "array": "cpp",
+        "string_view": "cpp",
+        "initializer_list": "cpp",
+        "ranges": "cpp",
+        "span": "cpp",
+        "valarray": "cpp",
+        "alloc.h": "c",
+        "arch.h": "c",
+        "def.h": "c",
+        "assert.h": "c",
+        "io.h": "c",
+        "mem.h": "c",
+        "string.h": "c",
+        "kernel.h": "c",
+        "printf.h": "c",
+        "vmm.h": "c",
+        "console.h": "c"
+    }
+}

README.md

@@ -31,5 +31,5 @@ qemu-system-x86_64 -cdrom .build/nub-os.iso
 
 ```sh
 qemu-system-x86_64 -s -S -cdrom .build/nub-os.iso
-gdb -tui .build/kernel -ex "target remote localhost:1234"
+gdb -tui .build/kernel/kernel -ex "target remote localhost:1234"
 ```

linker.ld

@@ -4,25 +4,27 @@ SECTIONS
 {
 	. = 2M;
 
-	.text BLOCK(4K) : ALIGN(4K)
+	.text :
 	{
 		*(.multiboot)
 		*(.text)
 	}
 
-	.rodata BLOCK(4K) : ALIGN(4K)
+	.rodata :
 	{
 		*(.rodata)
 	}
 
-	.data BLOCK(4K) : ALIGN(4K)
+	.data :
 	{
 		*(.data)
 	}
 
-	.bss BLOCK(4K) : ALIGN(4K)
+	.bss :
 	{
 		*(COMMON)
 		*(.bss)
 	}
-}
+
+	kernel_end = .;
+}

makefile

@@ -2,16 +2,20 @@ CC = x86_64-elf-gcc
 LD = x86_64-elf-ld
 AS = nasm
 
-CFLAGS 	= -m64 -ffreestanding -fno-builtin -Wall -Wextra -Wshadow -std=c23 -g
-LDFLAGS	= -g
-ASFLAGS	= -f elf64 -g -F dwarf
+# Modify these settings here for defines and debug info
+CFLAGS 	= -g -D DEBUG
+LDFLAGS = -g
+ASFLAGS = -g -F dwarf
 
-SRC_C   := src/kernel.c src/string.c src/vga.c src/interrupts.c src/keyboard.c
-SRC_ASM := src/start.asm
+# Do not modify
+CFLAGS 	+= -m64 -ffreestanding -nostdinc -nostdlib -Wall -Wextra -Wshadow -std=c23 -I src/lib
+LDFLAGS	+=
+ASFLAGS	+= -f elf64
 
-OBJ_C   := $(SRC_C:src/%.c=.build/%.o)
-OBJ_ASM := $(SRC_ASM:src/%.asm=.build/%.o)
-OBJS    := $(OBJ_C) $(OBJ_ASM)
+SRC_C	:= $(shell find src -name '*.c')
+SRC_ASM := $(shell find src -name '*.asm')
+
+OBJS := $(patsubst src/%.c, .build/%.o, $(SRC_C)) $(patsubst src/%.asm, .build/%.o, $(SRC_ASM))
 
 iso: .build/nub-os.iso
 	@echo "ISO created at '.build/nub-os.iso'"
@@ -19,20 +23,19 @@ iso: .build/nub-os.iso
 clean:
 	@rm -r .build 2>/dev/null || true
 
-build-dir:
-	mkdir .build 2>/dev/null || true
-
-.build/nub-os.iso: .build/kernel grub.cfg
+.build/nub-os.iso: .build/kernel/kernel grub.cfg
 	mkdir -p .build/nub-os/boot/grub
 	cp grub.cfg .build/nub-os/boot/grub
-	cp .build/kernel .build/nub-os/boot/
+	cp .build/kernel/kernel .build/nub-os/boot/
 	grub-mkrescue -o .build/nub-os.iso .build/nub-os/
 
-.build/kernel: $(OBJS)
+.build/kernel/kernel: $(OBJS)
 	$(LD) $(LDFLAGS) -T linker.ld -o $@ $^
 
-.build/%.o: src/%.c | build-dir
+.build/%.o: src/%.c
+	@mkdir -p $(dir $@)
 	$(CC) $(CFLAGS) -c -o $@ $<
 
-.build/%.o: src/%.asm | build-dir
+.build/%.o: src/%.asm
+	@mkdir -p $(dir $@)
 	$(AS) $(ASFLAGS) -o $@ $<

src/arch/x86_64/arch.c

@@ -0,0 +1,93 @@
+#include "console.h"
+#include "mem/pmm.h"
+#include "mem/vmm.h"
+#include "panic.h"
+#include "util.h"
+#include <arch.h>
+#include <def.h>
+#include <printf.h>
+
+static void arch_halt()
+{
+    halt();
+}
+
+static void arch_disable_interrupts()
+{
+    disable_interrupts();
+}
+
+static void arch_enable_interrupts()
+{
+    enable_interrupts();
+}
+
+static void arch_panic()
+{
+    panic();
+}
+
+static void arch_console_putchar(char c)
+{
+    console_putchar(c, VGA_DEFAULT_COLOR);
+}
+
+static void arch_console_clear()
+{
+    console_clear();
+}
+
+static size_t arch_get_page_size()
+{
+    return PAGE_SIZE;
+}
+
+void* arch_alloc(size_t page_count)
+{
+    u64 virtual_address = vmm_alloc_address(page_count);
+
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < page_count; i++)
+    {
+        u64 physical_address = pmm_alloc();
+        if (!physical_address)
+        {
+            printf("Out of physical memory");
+            panic();
+        }
+
+        vmm_map(physical_address, virtual_address + (i * PAGE_SIZE), PTE_PRESENT | PTE_WRITABLE);
+    }
+
+    return (void*)virtual_address;
+}
+
+void arch_free(void* virtual_address, size_t page_count)
+{
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < page_count; i++)
+    {
+        u64 physical_address = vmm_unmap((u64)virtual_address + (i * PAGE_SIZE));
+        pmm_free(physical_address);
+    }
+
+    vmm_free_address((u64)virtual_address, page_count);
+}
+
+static const arch_mem_api_t arch_mem_api = {
+    .get_page_size = arch_get_page_size,
+    .alloc = arch_alloc,
+    .free = arch_free,
+};
+
+static const arch_console_api_t arch_console_api = {
+    .putchar = arch_console_putchar,
+    .clear = arch_console_clear,
+};
+
+arch_api_t arch_api = {
+    .halt = arch_halt,
+    .disable_interrupts = arch_disable_interrupts,
+    .enable_interrupts = arch_enable_interrupts,
+    .panic = arch_panic,
+    .console = arch_console_api,
+    .mem = arch_mem_api,
+};

src/arch/x86_64/boot/boot.asm

@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 global _start
-extern kmain
-extern handle_isr
+global pml4
+extern x86_64_main
+extern kernel_end
 
 %define FLAGS       0b10
 %define MAGIC       0x1BADB002
@@ -40,20 +41,19 @@ section .data
 section .data
     align 8
     multiboot_info:
-        dq 0
+        dd 0
+    multiboot_magic:
+        dd 0
+    kernel_page_count:
+        dd 0
 
 section .text
     bits 32
     _start:
         mov esp, stack_top
 
-        ; Multiboot will place a magic value in eax
-        ; If this magic value is not present, then we might not have multiboot info in ebx,
-        ; therefore we throw an error
-        cmp eax, 0x2BADB002
-        jne error
-
         ; Save multiboot info pointer for later
+        mov [multiboot_magic], eax
         mov [multiboot_info], ebx
 
         ; Check if cpuid is available by flipping bit 21
@@ -101,17 +101,25 @@ section .text
         mov eax, pd
         or eax, 0x03
         mov [pdpt], eax
-        ; Map first 32 2mb pages for the kernel for a total of 64mb
+
+        ; Calculate how many 2mb pages we need to identity map
+        mov ecx, kernel_end
+        add ecx, 0x1FFFFF               ; Page align end of kernel
+        shr ecx, 21                     ; ecx now holds the required pages
+
+        ; Save the page count so we can pass it to c later
+        mov [kernel_page_count], ecx
+
+        ; Identity map the 0x0 to kernel_end
         mov edi, pd
         mov eax, 0x83
-        mov ecx, 32
     .setup_pd:
         mov [edi], eax
         add eax, 0x200000
         add edi, 8
         loop .setup_pd
 
-        ; Load cr3 with the address of pml4
+        ; Tell the cpu where pml4 is
         mov eax, pml4
         mov cr3, eax
 
@@ -139,39 +147,6 @@ section .text
         hlt
         jmp .hang
 
-section .bss
-    align 4096
-    idt64:
-        resb 4096
-
-section .data
-    align 8
-    idt64_descriptor:
-        dw 4095
-        dq idt64
-
-section .data
-    align 8
-    isr_stub_table:
-        %assign i 0
-        %rep 256
-            dq isr_stub_%[i]
-            %assign i i+1
-        %endrep
-
-%macro ISR_NOERR 1
-isr_stub_%1:
-    push qword 0
-    push qword %1
-    jmp isr_common
-%endmacro
-
-%macro ISR_ERR 1
-isr_stub_%1:
-    push qword %1
-    jmp isr_common
-%endmacro
-
 section .text
     bits 64
     long_mode:
@@ -183,108 +158,11 @@ section .text
         mov gs, ax
         mov ss, ax
 
-        ; Fill in the idt table with the stub functions
-        mov rdi, idt64
-        mov rsi, isr_stub_table
-        mov rcx, 256
-    .loop:
-        mov rax, [rsi]
-        mov [rdi], ax
-        mov word [rdi + 2], 0x08
-        mov word [rdi + 4], 0x8E00
-        shr rax, 16
-        mov [rdi + 6], ax
-        shr rax, 16
-        mov [rdi + 8], eax
-        mov dword [rdi + 12], 0
-        add rdi, 16
-        add rsi, 8
-        loop .loop
-        lidt [idt64_descriptor]
-
         ; Finally, we call in to c
-        mov rdi, [multiboot_info]
-        call kmain
+        mov edi, [multiboot_magic]
+        mov esi, [multiboot_info]
+        mov edx, [kernel_page_count]
+        call x86_64_main
     .hang:
         hlt
-        jmp .hang
-
-    isr_common:
-        push rax
-        push rbx
-        push rcx
-        push rdx
-        push rsi
-        push rdi
-        push rbp
-        push r8
-        push r9
-        push r10
-        push r11
-        push r12
-        push r13
-        push r14
-        push r15
-
-        mov rdi, rsp
-        call handle_isr
-
-        pop r15
-        pop r14
-        pop r13
-        pop r12
-        pop r11
-        pop r10
-        pop r9
-        pop r8
-        pop rbp
-        pop rdi
-        pop rsi
-        pop rdx
-        pop rcx
-        pop rbx
-        pop rax
-
-        add rsp, 16
-        iretq
-
-    ; CPU exceptions 0-31. Some of these contain error codes, so we define them manually
-    ISR_NOERR   0
-    ISR_NOERR   1
-    ISR_NOERR   2
-    ISR_NOERR   3
-    ISR_NOERR   4
-    ISR_NOERR   5
-    ISR_NOERR   6
-    ISR_NOERR   7
-    ISR_ERR     8
-    ISR_NOERR   9
-    ISR_ERR     10
-    ISR_ERR     11
-    ISR_ERR     12
-    ISR_ERR     13
-    ISR_ERR     14
-    ISR_NOERR   15
-    ISR_NOERR   16
-    ISR_ERR     17
-    ISR_NOERR   18
-    ISR_NOERR   19
-    ISR_NOERR   20
-    ISR_NOERR   21
-    ISR_NOERR   22
-    ISR_NOERR   23
-    ISR_NOERR   24
-    ISR_NOERR   25
-    ISR_NOERR   26
-    ISR_NOERR   27
-    ISR_NOERR   28
-    ISR_NOERR   29
-    ISR_ERR     30
-    ISR_NOERR   31
-
-    ; Hardware interrupts and user-defined interrupts (32-255). These don't have error codes
-    %assign i 32
-    %rep 224
-        ISR_NOERR i
-        %assign i i+1
-    %endrep
+        jmp .hang

src/arch/x86_64/console.c

@@ -1,22 +1,21 @@
-#include "vga.h"
-#include <stddef.h>
+#include "console.h"
 
 #define ROWS 25
 #define COLUMNS 80
 
 typedef struct
 {
-    uint8_t character;
-    uint8_t color;
+    u8 character;
+    u8 color;
 } vga_char_t;
 
 static vga_char_t* vga_buffer = (vga_char_t*)0xb8000;
-static uint8_t cursor_row = 0;
-static uint8_t cursor_col = 0;
+static u8 cursor_row = 0;
+static u8 cursor_col = 0;
 
-void vga_put_char(char character, uint8_t color)
+void console_putchar(char c, u8 color)
 {
-    switch (character)
+    switch (c)
     {
     case '\n':
     {
@@ -31,7 +30,7 @@ void vga_put_char(char character, uint8_t color)
     }
     case '\t':
     {
-        uint8_t remainder = 4 - (cursor_col % 4);
+        u8 remainder = 4 - (cursor_col % 4);
         cursor_col += remainder;
         break;
     }
@@ -66,7 +65,7 @@ void vga_put_char(char character, uint8_t color)
     default:
     {
         vga_buffer[COLUMNS * cursor_row + cursor_col] = (vga_char_t){
-            .character = character,
+            .character = c,
             .color = color,
         };
         cursor_col += 1;
@@ -102,7 +101,7 @@ void vga_put_char(char character, uint8_t color)
     }
 }
 
-void vga_clear()
+void console_clear()
 {
     for (size_t row = 0; row < ROWS; row++)
     {

src/arch/x86_64/console.h

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 #pragma once
 
-#include <stdint.h>
+#include <def.h>
 
 #define VGA_BLACK 0
 #define VGA_BLUE 1
@@ -21,5 +21,5 @@
 
 #define VGA_DEFAULT_COLOR VGA_LIGHT_GRAY | VGA_BLACK << 4
 
-void vga_put_char(char character, uint8_t color);
-void vga_clear();
+void console_putchar(char character, u8 color);
+void console_clear();

src/arch/x86_64/interrupts/exceptions.c

@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+#include "exceptions.h"
+#include "../panic.h"
+#include <printf.h>
+
+static const char* exception_messages[32] = {
+    "divide by zero",
+    "debug",
+    "non maskable interrupt",
+    "breakpoint",
+    "overflow",
+    "bound range exceeded",
+    "invalid opcode",
+    "device not available",
+    "double fault",
+    "coprocessor segment overrun",
+    "invalid tss",
+    "segment not present",
+    "stack-segment fault",
+    "general protection fault",
+    "page fault",
+    "reserved",
+    "x87 floating point exception",
+    "alignment check",
+    "machine check",
+    "simd floating point exception",
+    "virtualization exception",
+    "control protection exception",
+    "reserved",
+    "reserved",
+    "reserved",
+    "reserved",
+    "reserved",
+    "reserved",
+    "hypervisor injection exception",
+    "vmm communication exception",
+    "security exception",
+    "reserved",
+};
+
+void handle_exception(const isr_frame_t* frame)
+{
+    printf("exception[%d]: %s, error code: %d\n", frame->int_no, exception_messages[frame->int_no], frame->err_code);
+    panic();
+}

src/arch/x86_64/interrupts/exceptions.h

@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#include "isr.h"
+
+void handle_exception(const isr_frame_t* frame);

src/arch/x86_64/interrupts/idt.asm

@@ -0,0 +1,136 @@
+global idt_init
+extern handle_isr
+
+%macro ISR_NOERR 1
+isr_stub_%1:
+    push qword 0
+    push qword %1
+    jmp isr_common
+%endmacro
+
+%macro ISR_ERR 1
+isr_stub_%1:
+    push qword %1
+    jmp isr_common
+%endmacro
+
+section .bss
+    align 4096
+    idt64:
+        resb 4096
+
+section .data
+    align 8
+    isr_stub_table:
+        %assign i 0
+        %rep 256
+            dq isr_stub_%[i]
+            %assign i i+1
+        %endrep
+
+    idt64_descriptor:
+        dw 4095
+        dq idt64
+
+section .text
+    bits 64
+    idt_init:
+        ; Fill in the idt table with the stub functions
+        mov rdi, idt64
+        mov rsi, isr_stub_table
+        mov rcx, 256
+    .loop:
+        mov rax, [rsi]
+        mov [rdi], ax
+        mov word [rdi + 2], 0x08
+        mov word [rdi + 4], 0x8E00
+        shr rax, 16
+        mov [rdi + 6], ax
+        shr rax, 16
+        mov [rdi + 8], eax
+        mov dword [rdi + 12], 0
+        add rdi, 16
+        add rsi, 8
+        loop .loop
+        lidt [idt64_descriptor]
+        ret
+
+    isr_common:
+        push rax
+        push rbx
+        push rcx
+        push rdx
+        push rsi
+        push rdi
+        push rbp
+        push r8
+        push r9
+        push r10
+        push r11
+        push r12
+        push r13
+        push r14
+        push r15
+
+        mov rdi, rsp
+        call handle_isr
+
+        pop r15
+        pop r14
+        pop r13
+        pop r12
+        pop r11
+        pop r10
+        pop r9
+        pop r8
+        pop rbp
+        pop rdi
+        pop rsi
+        pop rdx
+        pop rcx
+        pop rbx
+        pop rax
+
+        add rsp, 16
+        iretq
+
+    ; CPU exceptions 0-31. Some of these contain error codes, so we define them manually
+    ISR_NOERR   0
+    ISR_NOERR   1
+    ISR_NOERR   2
+    ISR_NOERR   3
+    ISR_NOERR   4
+    ISR_NOERR   5
+    ISR_NOERR   6
+    ISR_NOERR   7
+    ISR_ERR     8
+    ISR_NOERR   9
+    ISR_ERR     10
+    ISR_ERR     11
+    ISR_ERR     12
+    ISR_ERR     13
+    ISR_ERR     14
+    ISR_NOERR   15
+    ISR_NOERR   16
+    ISR_ERR     17
+    ISR_NOERR   18
+    ISR_NOERR   19
+    ISR_NOERR   20
+    ISR_NOERR   21
+    ISR_NOERR   22
+    ISR_NOERR   23
+    ISR_NOERR   24
+    ISR_NOERR   25
+    ISR_NOERR   26
+    ISR_NOERR   27
+    ISR_NOERR   28
+    ISR_NOERR   29
+    ISR_ERR     30
+    ISR_NOERR   31
+
+    ; Hardware interrupts and user-defined interrupts (32-255). These don't have error codes
+    %assign i 32
+    %rep 224
+        ISR_NOERR i
+        %assign i i+1
+    %endrep

src/arch/x86_64/interrupts/idt.h

@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+#pragma once
+
+extern void idt_init();

src/arch/x86_64/interrupts/irq.c

@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+#include "irq.h"
+#include "../util.h"
+#include <printf.h>
+
+#define PIC1_COMMAND 0x20
+#define PIC1_DATA 0x21
+#define PIC2_COMMAND 0xA0
+#define PIC2_DATA 0xA1
+
+static irq_handler_t irq_handlers[16] = {0};
+
+void remap_pic()
+{
+    outb(PIC1_COMMAND, 0x11);
+    outb(PIC2_COMMAND, 0x11);
+
+    outb(PIC1_DATA, 32);
+    outb(PIC2_DATA, 40);
+
+    outb(PIC1_DATA, 4);
+    outb(PIC2_DATA, 2);
+
+    outb(PIC1_DATA, 1);
+    outb(PIC2_DATA, 1);
+
+    outb(PIC1_DATA, 0);
+    outb(PIC2_DATA, 0);
+}
+
+void register_irq_handler(u8 irq, irq_handler_t handler)
+{
+    if (irq >= 16)
+    {
+        printf("Cannot register irq %d is out of bounds\n", irq);
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        irq_handlers[irq] = handler;
+    }
+}
+
+void handle_irq(const isr_frame_t* frame)
+{
+    u8 irq = frame->int_no - 32;
+
+    if (irq_handlers[irq])
+    {
+        irq_handlers[irq](frame);
+    }
+
+    if (irq >= 8)
+    {
+        outb(PIC2_COMMAND, 0x20);
+    }
+
+    outb(PIC1_COMMAND, 0x20);
+}

src/arch/x86_64/interrupts/irq.h

@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#include "isr.h"
+
+typedef void (*irq_handler_t)(const isr_frame_t*);
+
+void remap_pic();
+void handle_irq(const isr_frame_t* frame);
+void register_irq_handler(u8 irq, irq_handler_t handler);

src/arch/x86_64/interrupts/isr.c

@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+#include "isr.h"
+#include "exceptions.h"
+#include "irq.h"
+#include <def.h>
+#include <printf.h>
+
+void handle_isr(const isr_frame_t* frame)
+{
+    if (frame->int_no < 32)
+    {
+        handle_exception(frame);
+    }
+    else if (frame->int_no < 48)
+    {
+        handle_irq(frame);
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        printf("interrupt[%d]: not implemented\n", frame->int_no);
+    }
+}

src/arch/x86_64/interrupts/isr.h

@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#include <def.h>
+
+typedef struct
+{
+    u64 r15, r14, r13, r12, r11, r10, r9, r8;
+    u64 rbp, rdi, rsi, rdx, rcx, rbx, rax;
+    u64 int_no;
+    u64 err_code;
+    u64 rip, cs, rflags, rsp, ss;
+} __attribute__((packed)) isr_frame_t;

src/arch/x86_64/main.c

@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+#include "console.h"
+#include "interrupts/idt.h"
+#include "interrupts/irq.h"
+#include "mem/pmm.h"
+#include "mem/vmm.h"
+#include "panic.h"
+#include "util.h"
+#include <printf.h>
+
+extern void kernel_main();
+
+void x86_64_main(u32 magic, multiboot_info_t* info, u32 kernel_page_count)
+{
+    console_clear();
+
+    if (magic != 0x2BADB002)
+    {
+        printf("Multiboot magic does not match\n");
+        panic();
+    }
+
+    if (info == NULL)
+    {
+        printf("Multiboot info is NULL\n");
+        panic();
+    }
+
+    idt_init();
+    remap_pic();
+
+    pmm_init(kernel_page_count, info);
+    vmm_init(kernel_page_count);
+
+    kernel_main();
+}

src/arch/x86_64/mem/pmm.c

@@ -0,0 +1,127 @@
+#include "pmm.h"
+#include "../panic.h"
+#include <mem.h>
+#include <printf.h>
+
+typedef struct
+{
+    u64 base_address;
+    size_t length;
+} memory_region_t;
+
+#define USABLE_REGION_SIZE 32
+
+static memory_region_t usable_regions[USABLE_REGION_SIZE];
+static size_t num_regions = 0;
+
+#define BITMAP_PAGE_COUNT (MAX_MEMORY / PAGE_SIZE)
+#define BITMAP_SIZE (BITMAP_PAGE_COUNT / 8)
+
+static u8 page_bitmap[BITMAP_SIZE];
+
+void pmm_init(u32 kernel_page_count, multiboot_info_t* info)
+{
+    if (!(info->flags & (1 << 6)))
+    {
+        printf("Invalid memory map given by bootloader\n");
+        panic();
+    }
+
+    u64 offset = 0;
+    while (offset < info->mmap_length)
+    {
+        multiboot_memory_map_t* mmmt = (multiboot_memory_map_t*)(info->mmap_addr + offset);
+
+        if (mmmt->type == MULTIBOOT_MEMORY_AVAILABLE)
+        {
+            if (num_regions < USABLE_REGION_SIZE)
+            {
+                usable_regions[num_regions] = (memory_region_t){
+                    .base_address = mmmt->addr,
+                    .length = mmmt->len,
+                };
+
+                num_regions++;
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                printf("System has more memory than the usable memory map can hold\n");
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+
+        offset += mmmt->size + sizeof(mmmt->size);
+    }
+
+    memset(page_bitmap, 0xFF, BITMAP_SIZE);
+
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < num_regions; i++)
+    {
+        memory_region_t region = usable_regions[i];
+
+        u64 start_page = region.base_address / PAGE_SIZE;
+        u64 num_pages = region.length / PAGE_SIZE;
+
+        for (u64 page = start_page; page < start_page + num_pages; page++)
+        {
+            if (page < BITMAP_PAGE_COUNT)
+            {
+                page_bitmap[page / 8] &= ~(1 << (page % 8));
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                printf("System has more ram than the bitmap allows!\n");
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    // The kernel was identity mapped by the kernel, so those bits should be marked as unavailable
+    for (u64 page = 0; page < kernel_page_count; page++)
+    {
+        if (page >= BITMAP_PAGE_COUNT)
+        {
+            printf("Bitmap is not large enough to hold the memory reserved by the kernel");
+            panic();
+        }
+
+        page_bitmap[page / 8] |= (1 << (page % 8));
+    }
+}
+
+u64 pmm_alloc()
+{
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < BITMAP_SIZE; i++)
+    {
+        if (page_bitmap[i] != 0xFF)
+        {
+            for (int bit = 0; bit < 8; bit++)
+            {
+                if (!(page_bitmap[i] & (1 << bit)))
+                {
+                    page_bitmap[i] |= (1 << bit);
+                    return ((i * 8 + bit) * PAGE_SIZE);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    return 0;
+}
+
+void pmm_free(u64 physical_address)
+{
+    u64 page = physical_address / PAGE_SIZE;
+    if (page < BITMAP_SIZE * 8)
+    {
+        if (page_bitmap[page / 8] & (1 << (page % 8)))
+        {
+            page_bitmap[page / 8] &= ~(1 << (page % 8));
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            printf("Physical address %x is already free", physical_address);
+            panic();
+        }
+    }
+}

src/arch/x86_64/mem/pmm.h

@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#include "../multiboot.h"
+#include <def.h>
+
+// todo(nub31): Fixed at 2mb for now, might add support for 4k pages later
+#define PAGE_SIZE MiB(2)
+
+// Defines the theoretical max memory the kernel can allocate, not the actual memory of the system
+// The value must be a multible of 8
+#define MAX_MEMORY GiB(64)
+
+void pmm_init(u32 kernel_page_count, multiboot_info_t* info);
+
+// Low level function to allocate a 2mb physical page and return the physical address
+// A return value 0 indicates out of memory
+u64 pmm_alloc();
+
+// Low level function to free a 2mb physical page
+void pmm_free(u64 physical_address);

src/arch/x86_64/mem/vmm.c

@@ -0,0 +1,185 @@
+#include "vmm.h"
+#include "../panic.h"
+#include "pmm.h"
+#include <printf.h>
+
+#define PML4_INDEX(addr) (((addr) >> 39) & 0x1FF)
+#define PDPT_INDEX(addr) (((addr) >> 30) & 0x1FF)
+#define PD_INDEX(addr) (((addr) >> 21) & 0x1FF)
+
+#define PTE_MASK 0x000FFFFFFFFFF000ULL
+
+#define BITMAP_PAGE_COUNT (ADDRES_SPACE_SIZE / PAGE_SIZE)
+#define BITMAP_SIZE (BITMAP_PAGE_COUNT / 8)
+
+static u8 page_bitmap[BITMAP_SIZE];
+
+extern u64 pml4[];
+
+void vmm_init(u32 kernel_page_count)
+{
+    // The kernel was identity mapped when we entered long mode,
+    // so those virtual addresses should be marked as unavailable
+    for (u64 page = 0; page < kernel_page_count; page++)
+    {
+        if (page >= BITMAP_PAGE_COUNT)
+        {
+            printf("Bitmap is not large enough to hold the addresses reserved by the kernel");
+            panic();
+        }
+
+        page_bitmap[page / 8] |= (1 << (page % 8));
+    }
+}
+
+u64 vmm_alloc_address(size_t page_count)
+{
+    size_t total_pages = BITMAP_PAGE_COUNT;
+
+    for (size_t start_page = 0; start_page <= total_pages - page_count; start_page++)
+    {
+        bool found_block = true;
+
+        for (size_t i = 0; i < page_count; i++)
+        {
+            size_t page = start_page + i;
+            size_t byte_index = page / 8;
+            size_t bit_index = page % 8;
+
+            if (page_bitmap[byte_index] & (1 << bit_index))
+            {
+                found_block = false;
+                start_page = page;
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (found_block)
+        {
+            for (size_t i = 0; i < page_count; i++)
+            {
+                size_t page = start_page + i;
+                size_t byte_index = page / 8;
+                size_t bit_index = page % 8;
+                page_bitmap[byte_index] |= (1 << bit_index);
+            }
+
+            return start_page * PAGE_SIZE;
+        }
+    }
+
+    return 0;
+}
+
+void vmm_free_address(u64 virtual_address, size_t page_count)
+{
+    u64 start_page = virtual_address / PAGE_SIZE;
+    if (start_page + page_count > BITMAP_PAGE_COUNT)
+    {
+        printf("Virtual address range exceeds bitmap bounds\n");
+        panic();
+    }
+
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < page_count; i++)
+    {
+        size_t page = start_page + i;
+        size_t byte_index = page / 8;
+        size_t bit_index = page % 8;
+
+        if (!(page_bitmap[byte_index] & (1 << bit_index)))
+        {
+            printf("Virtual address 0x%x (page %u) is already free\n", virtual_address + (i * PAGE_SIZE), page);
+            panic();
+        }
+    }
+
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < page_count; i++)
+    {
+        size_t page = start_page + i;
+        size_t byte_index = page / 8;
+        size_t bit_index = page % 8;
+        page_bitmap[byte_index] &= ~(1 << bit_index);
+    }
+}
+
+static u64 create_2mb_pte(u64 physical_address, u32 flags)
+{
+    if (physical_address & (PAGE_SIZE - 1))
+    {
+        printf("Physical address not page aligned (0x%x)\n", physical_address);
+        panic();
+    }
+
+    return (physical_address & PTE_MASK) | flags | PTE_PS;
+}
+
+void vmm_map(u64 physical_address, u64 virtual_address, u32 flags)
+{
+    u64 pml4_idx = PML4_INDEX(virtual_address);
+    u64 pdpt_idx = PDPT_INDEX(virtual_address);
+    u64 pd_idx = PD_INDEX(virtual_address);
+
+    u64 pdpt = pml4[pml4_idx];
+    if (!(pdpt & PTE_PRESENT))
+    {
+        // todo(nub31): Dynamically create a pdpt table
+        printf("PDPT not present at PML4 index %u\n", pml4_idx);
+        panic();
+    }
+
+    u64* pdpt_physical_address = (u64*)(pdpt & PTE_MASK);
+    u64 pd = pdpt_physical_address[pdpt_idx];
+    if (!(pd & PTE_PRESENT))
+    {
+        // todo(nub31): Dynamically create a pd table
+        printf("PD not present at PDPT index %u\n", pdpt_idx);
+        panic();
+    }
+
+    u64* pd_physical_address = (u64*)(pd & PTE_MASK);
+    u64 entry = pd_physical_address[pd_idx];
+
+    if (entry & PTE_PRESENT)
+    {
+        printf("Virtual address 0x%x is already mapped\n", virtual_address);
+        panic();
+    }
+
+    pd_physical_address[pd_idx] = create_2mb_pte(physical_address, flags);
+}
+
+u64 vmm_unmap(u64 virtual_address)
+{
+    u64 pml4_idx = PML4_INDEX(virtual_address);
+    u64 pdpt_idx = PDPT_INDEX(virtual_address);
+    u64 pd_idx = PD_INDEX(virtual_address);
+
+    u64 pdpt_entry = pml4[pml4_idx];
+    if (!(pdpt_entry & PTE_PRESENT))
+    {
+        printf("PDPT not present at PML4 index %llu\n", pml4_idx);
+        panic();
+    }
+
+    u64* pdpt_physical_address = (u64*)(pdpt_entry & PTE_MASK);
+    u64 pd_entry = pdpt_physical_address[pdpt_idx];
+    if (!(pd_entry & PTE_PRESENT))
+    {
+        printf("PD not present at PDPT index %llu\n", pdpt_idx);
+        panic();
+    }
+
+    u64* pd_physical_address = (u64*)(pd_entry & PTE_MASK);
+    if (!(pd_physical_address[pd_idx] & PTE_PRESENT))
+    {
+        printf("Virtual address 0x%llx is not mapped\n", virtual_address);
+        panic();
+    }
+
+    u64 physical_address = pd_physical_address[pd_idx] & PTE_MASK;
+    pd_physical_address[pd_idx] = 0;
+
+    __asm__ volatile("invlpg (%0)" : : "r"(virtual_address) : "memory");
+
+    return physical_address;
+}

src/arch/x86_64/mem/vmm.h

@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#include <def.h>
+
+// Defines the theoretical max virtual memory space the kernel can allocate
+// The value must be a multible of 8
+#define ADDRES_SPACE_SIZE GiB(64)
+
+#define PTE_PRESENT (1ULL << 0)
+#define PTE_WRITABLE (1ULL << 1)
+#define PTE_USER (1ULL << 2)
+#define PTE_PS (1ULL << 7)
+
+void vmm_init(u32 kernel_page_count);
+
+// Allocates a free page aligned block of virtual addresses
+// A return value 0 indicates that there were not blocks
+// found which is large enought for the amount of pages requested
+u64 vmm_alloc_address(size_t page_count);
+// Frees a block of virtual addresses previously allocated via `vmm_alloc_address`
+// Only use this function for pages mapped via `vmm_alloc_address`
+void vmm_free_address(u64 virtual_address, size_t page_count);
+
+// Low level function to map a virtual address to a physical address
+void vmm_map(u64 physical_address, u64 virtual_address, u32 flags);
+// Low level function to unmap a virtual address from a physical address
+u64 vmm_unmap(u64 virtual_address);

src/arch/x86_64/multiboot.h

@@ -0,0 +1,276 @@
+/* multiboot.h - Multiboot header file. */
+/* Copyright (C) 1999,2003,2007,2008,2009,2010  Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+ *
+ *  Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+ *  of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to
+ *  deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the
+ *  rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or
+ *  sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+ *  furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ *  The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
+ *  all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ *  THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ *  IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ *  FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT.  IN NO EVENT SHALL ANY
+ *  DEVELOPER OR DISTRIBUTOR BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY,
+ *  WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR
+ *  IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+ */
+
+#ifndef MULTIBOOT_HEADER
+#define MULTIBOOT_HEADER 1
+
+/* How many bytes from the start of the file we search for the header. */
+#define MULTIBOOT_SEARCH 8192
+#define MULTIBOOT_HEADER_ALIGN 4
+
+/* The magic field should contain this. */
+#define MULTIBOOT_HEADER_MAGIC 0x1BADB002
+
+/* This should be in %eax. */
+#define MULTIBOOT_BOOTLOADER_MAGIC 0x2BADB002
+
+/* Alignment of multiboot modules. */
+#define MULTIBOOT_MOD_ALIGN 0x00001000
+
+/* Alignment of the multiboot info structure. */
+#define MULTIBOOT_INFO_ALIGN 0x00000004
+
+/* Flags set in the ’flags’ member of the multiboot header. */
+
+/* Align all boot modules on i386 page (4KB) boundaries. */
+#define MULTIBOOT_PAGE_ALIGN 0x00000001
+
+/* Must pass memory information to OS. */
+#define MULTIBOOT_MEMORY_INFO 0x00000002
+
+/* Must pass video information to OS. */
+#define MULTIBOOT_VIDEO_MODE 0x00000004
+
+/* This flag indicates the use of the address fields in the header. */
+#define MULTIBOOT_AOUT_KLUDGE 0x00010000
+
+/* Flags to be set in the ’flags’ member of the multiboot info structure. */
+
+/* is there basic lower/upper memory information? */
+#define MULTIBOOT_INFO_MEMORY 0x00000001
+/* is there a boot device set? */
+#define MULTIBOOT_INFO_BOOTDEV 0x00000002
+/* is the command-line defined? */
+#define MULTIBOOT_INFO_CMDLINE 0x00000004
+/* are there modules to do something with? */
+#define MULTIBOOT_INFO_MODS 0x00000008
+
+/* These next two are mutually exclusive */
+
+/* is there a symbol table loaded? */
+#define MULTIBOOT_INFO_AOUT_SYMS 0x00000010
+/* is there an ELF section header table? */
+#define MULTIBOOT_INFO_ELF_SHDR 0X00000020
+
+/* is there a full memory map? */
+#define MULTIBOOT_INFO_MEM_MAP 0x00000040
+
+/* Is there drive info? */
+#define MULTIBOOT_INFO_DRIVE_INFO 0x00000080
+
+/* Is there a config table? */
+#define MULTIBOOT_INFO_CONFIG_TABLE 0x00000100
+
+/* Is there a boot loader name? */
+#define MULTIBOOT_INFO_BOOT_LOADER_NAME 0x00000200
+
+/* Is there a APM table? */
+#define MULTIBOOT_INFO_APM_TABLE 0x00000400
+
+/* Is there video information? */
+#define MULTIBOOT_INFO_VBE_INFO 0x00000800
+#define MULTIBOOT_INFO_FRAMEBUFFER_INFO 0x00001000
+
+#ifndef ASM_FILE
+
+typedef unsigned char multiboot_uint8_t;
+typedef unsigned short multiboot_uint16_t;
+typedef unsigned int multiboot_uint32_t;
+typedef unsigned long long multiboot_uint64_t;
+
+struct multiboot_header
+{
+    /* Must be MULTIBOOT_MAGIC - see above. */
+    multiboot_uint32_t magic;
+
+    /* Feature flags. */
+    multiboot_uint32_t flags;
+
+    /* The above fields plus this one must equal 0 mod 2^32. */
+    multiboot_uint32_t checksum;
+
+    /* These are only valid if MULTIBOOT_AOUT_KLUDGE is set. */
+    multiboot_uint32_t header_addr;
+    multiboot_uint32_t load_addr;
+    multiboot_uint32_t load_end_addr;
+    multiboot_uint32_t bss_end_addr;
+    multiboot_uint32_t entry_addr;
+
+    /* These are only valid if MULTIBOOT_VIDEO_MODE is set. */
+    multiboot_uint32_t mode_type;
+    multiboot_uint32_t width;
+    multiboot_uint32_t height;
+    multiboot_uint32_t depth;
+};
+
+/* The symbol table for a.out. */
+struct multiboot_aout_symbol_table
+{
+    multiboot_uint32_t tabsize;
+    multiboot_uint32_t strsize;
+    multiboot_uint32_t addr;
+    multiboot_uint32_t reserved;
+};
+typedef struct multiboot_aout_symbol_table multiboot_aout_symbol_table_t;
+
+/* The section header table for ELF. */
+struct multiboot_elf_section_header_table
+{
+    multiboot_uint32_t num;
+    multiboot_uint32_t size;
+    multiboot_uint32_t addr;
+    multiboot_uint32_t shndx;
+};
+typedef struct multiboot_elf_section_header_table multiboot_elf_section_header_table_t;
+
+struct multiboot_info
+{
+    /* Multiboot info version number */
+    multiboot_uint32_t flags;
+
+    /* Available memory from BIOS */
+    multiboot_uint32_t mem_lower;
+    multiboot_uint32_t mem_upper;
+
+    /* "root" partition */
+    multiboot_uint32_t boot_device;
+
+    /* Kernel command line */
+    multiboot_uint32_t cmdline;
+
+    /* Boot-Module list */
+    multiboot_uint32_t mods_count;
+    multiboot_uint32_t mods_addr;
+
+    union
+    {
+        multiboot_aout_symbol_table_t aout_sym;
+        multiboot_elf_section_header_table_t elf_sec;
+    } u;
+
+    /* Memory Mapping buffer */
+    multiboot_uint32_t mmap_length;
+    multiboot_uint32_t mmap_addr;
+
+    /* Drive Info buffer */
+    multiboot_uint32_t drives_length;
+    multiboot_uint32_t drives_addr;
+
+    /* ROM configuration table */
+    multiboot_uint32_t config_table;
+
+    /* Boot Loader Name */
+    multiboot_uint32_t boot_loader_name;
+
+    /* APM table */
+    multiboot_uint32_t apm_table;
+
+    /* Video */
+    multiboot_uint32_t vbe_control_info;
+    multiboot_uint32_t vbe_mode_info;
+    multiboot_uint16_t vbe_mode;
+    multiboot_uint16_t vbe_interface_seg;
+    multiboot_uint16_t vbe_interface_off;
+    multiboot_uint16_t vbe_interface_len;
+
+    multiboot_uint64_t framebuffer_addr;
+    multiboot_uint32_t framebuffer_pitch;
+    multiboot_uint32_t framebuffer_width;
+    multiboot_uint32_t framebuffer_height;
+    multiboot_uint8_t framebuffer_bpp;
+#define MULTIBOOT_FRAMEBUFFER_TYPE_INDEXED 0
+#define MULTIBOOT_FRAMEBUFFER_TYPE_RGB 1
+#define MULTIBOOT_FRAMEBUFFER_TYPE_EGA_TEXT 2
+    multiboot_uint8_t framebuffer_type;
+
+    union
+    {
+        struct
+        {
+            multiboot_uint32_t framebuffer_palette_addr;
+            multiboot_uint16_t framebuffer_palette_num_colors;
+        };
+
+        struct
+        {
+            multiboot_uint8_t framebuffer_red_field_position;
+            multiboot_uint8_t framebuffer_red_mask_size;
+            multiboot_uint8_t framebuffer_green_field_position;
+            multiboot_uint8_t framebuffer_green_mask_size;
+            multiboot_uint8_t framebuffer_blue_field_position;
+            multiboot_uint8_t framebuffer_blue_mask_size;
+        };
+    };
+};
+typedef struct multiboot_info multiboot_info_t;
+
+struct multiboot_color
+{
+    multiboot_uint8_t red;
+    multiboot_uint8_t green;
+    multiboot_uint8_t blue;
+};
+
+struct multiboot_mmap_entry
+{
+    multiboot_uint32_t size;
+    multiboot_uint64_t addr;
+    multiboot_uint64_t len;
+#define MULTIBOOT_MEMORY_AVAILABLE 1
+#define MULTIBOOT_MEMORY_RESERVED 2
+#define MULTIBOOT_MEMORY_ACPI_RECLAIMABLE 3
+#define MULTIBOOT_MEMORY_NVS 4
+#define MULTIBOOT_MEMORY_BADRAM 5
+    multiboot_uint32_t type;
+} __attribute__((packed));
+typedef struct multiboot_mmap_entry multiboot_memory_map_t;
+
+struct multiboot_mod_list
+{
+    /* the memory used goes from bytes ’mod_start’ to ’mod_end-1’ inclusive */
+    multiboot_uint32_t mod_start;
+    multiboot_uint32_t mod_end;
+
+    /* Module command line */
+    multiboot_uint32_t cmdline;
+
+    /* padding to take it to 16 bytes (must be zero) */
+    multiboot_uint32_t pad;
+};
+typedef struct multiboot_mod_list multiboot_module_t;
+
+/* APM BIOS info. */
+struct multiboot_apm_info
+{
+    multiboot_uint16_t version;
+    multiboot_uint16_t cseg;
+    multiboot_uint32_t offset;
+    multiboot_uint16_t cseg_16;
+    multiboot_uint16_t dseg;
+    multiboot_uint16_t flags;
+    multiboot_uint16_t cseg_len;
+    multiboot_uint16_t cseg_16_len;
+    multiboot_uint16_t dseg_len;
+};
+
+#endif /* ! ASM_FILE */
+
+#endif /* ! MULTIBOOT_HEADER */

src/arch/x86_64/panic.c

@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+#include "panic.h"
+#include "util.h"
+
+void panic()
+{
+    disable_interrupts();
+    halt();
+}

src/arch/x86_64/panic.h

@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+#pragma once
+
+void panic();

src/arch/x86_64/util.h

@@ -0,0 +1,123 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#include <def.h>
+
+enum
+{
+    CPUID_FEAT_ECX_SSE3 = 1 << 0,
+    CPUID_FEAT_ECX_PCLMUL = 1 << 1,
+    CPUID_FEAT_ECX_DTES64 = 1 << 2,
+    CPUID_FEAT_ECX_MONITOR = 1 << 3,
+    CPUID_FEAT_ECX_DS_CPL = 1 << 4,
+    CPUID_FEAT_ECX_VMX = 1 << 5,
+    CPUID_FEAT_ECX_SMX = 1 << 6,
+    CPUID_FEAT_ECX_EST = 1 << 7,
+    CPUID_FEAT_ECX_TM2 = 1 << 8,
+    CPUID_FEAT_ECX_SSSE3 = 1 << 9,
+    CPUID_FEAT_ECX_CID = 1 << 10,
+    CPUID_FEAT_ECX_SDBG = 1 << 11,
+    CPUID_FEAT_ECX_FMA = 1 << 12,
+    CPUID_FEAT_ECX_CX16 = 1 << 13,
+    CPUID_FEAT_ECX_XTPR = 1 << 14,
+    CPUID_FEAT_ECX_PDCM = 1 << 15,
+    CPUID_FEAT_ECX_PCID = 1 << 17,
+    CPUID_FEAT_ECX_DCA = 1 << 18,
+    CPUID_FEAT_ECX_SSE4_1 = 1 << 19,
+    CPUID_FEAT_ECX_SSE4_2 = 1 << 20,
+    CPUID_FEAT_ECX_X2APIC = 1 << 21,
+    CPUID_FEAT_ECX_MOVBE = 1 << 22,
+    CPUID_FEAT_ECX_POPCNT = 1 << 23,
+    CPUID_FEAT_ECX_TSC = 1 << 24,
+    CPUID_FEAT_ECX_AES = 1 << 25,
+    CPUID_FEAT_ECX_XSAVE = 1 << 26,
+    CPUID_FEAT_ECX_OSXSAVE = 1 << 27,
+    CPUID_FEAT_ECX_AVX = 1 << 28,
+    CPUID_FEAT_ECX_F16C = 1 << 29,
+    CPUID_FEAT_ECX_RDRAND = 1 << 30,
+    CPUID_FEAT_ECX_HYPERVISOR = 1 << 31,
+
+    CPUID_FEAT_EDX_FPU = 1 << 0,
+    CPUID_FEAT_EDX_VME = 1 << 1,
+    CPUID_FEAT_EDX_DE = 1 << 2,
+    CPUID_FEAT_EDX_PSE = 1 << 3,
+    CPUID_FEAT_EDX_TSC = 1 << 4,
+    CPUID_FEAT_EDX_MSR = 1 << 5,
+    CPUID_FEAT_EDX_PAE = 1 << 6,
+    CPUID_FEAT_EDX_MCE = 1 << 7,
+    CPUID_FEAT_EDX_CX8 = 1 << 8,
+    CPUID_FEAT_EDX_APIC = 1 << 9,
+    CPUID_FEAT_EDX_SEP = 1 << 11,
+    CPUID_FEAT_EDX_MTRR = 1 << 12,
+    CPUID_FEAT_EDX_PGE = 1 << 13,
+    CPUID_FEAT_EDX_MCA = 1 << 14,
+    CPUID_FEAT_EDX_CMOV = 1 << 15,
+    CPUID_FEAT_EDX_PAT = 1 << 16,
+    CPUID_FEAT_EDX_PSE36 = 1 << 17,
+    CPUID_FEAT_EDX_PSN = 1 << 18,
+    CPUID_FEAT_EDX_CLFLUSH = 1 << 19,
+    CPUID_FEAT_EDX_DS = 1 << 21,
+    CPUID_FEAT_EDX_ACPI = 1 << 22,
+    CPUID_FEAT_EDX_MMX = 1 << 23,
+    CPUID_FEAT_EDX_FXSR = 1 << 24,
+    CPUID_FEAT_EDX_SSE = 1 << 25,
+    CPUID_FEAT_EDX_SSE2 = 1 << 26,
+    CPUID_FEAT_EDX_SS = 1 << 27,
+    CPUID_FEAT_EDX_HTT = 1 << 28,
+    CPUID_FEAT_EDX_TM = 1 << 29,
+    CPUID_FEAT_EDX_IA64 = 1 << 30,
+    CPUID_FEAT_EDX_PBE = 1 << 31
+};
+
+static inline void outb(u16 port, u8 val)
+{
+    __asm__ volatile("outb %0, %1" : : "a"(val), "Nd"(port));
+}
+
+static inline u8 inb(u16 port)
+{
+    u8 ret;
+    __asm__ volatile("inb %1, %0" : "=a"(ret) : "Nd"(port));
+    return ret;
+}
+
+static inline void io_wait()
+{
+    outb(0x80, 0);
+}
+
+static inline void cpuid(u32 code, u32* a, u32* d)
+{
+    __asm__ volatile("cpuid" : "=a"(*a), "=d"(*d) : "a"(code) : "ecx", "ebx");
+}
+
+static inline u64 rdmsr(u32 msr)
+{
+    u32 lo, hi;
+    __asm__ volatile("rdmsr" : "=a"(lo), "=d"(hi) : "c"(msr));
+    return ((u64)hi << 32) | lo;
+}
+
+static inline void wrmsr(u32 msr, u64 value)
+{
+    u32 lo = (u32)value;
+    u32 hi = (u32)(value >> 32);
+    __asm__ volatile("wrmsr" : : "c"(msr), "a"(lo), "d"(hi));
+}
+
+static inline void halt()
+{
+    while (true)
+    {
+        __asm__ volatile("hlt");
+    }
+}
+
+static inline void enable_interrupts()
+{
+    __asm__ volatile("sti");
+}
+
+static inline void disable_interrupts()
+{
+    __asm__ volatile("cli");
+}

src/interrupts.c

@@ -1,134 +0,0 @@
-#include "interrupts.h"
-#include "util.h"
-
-#define PIC1_COMMAND 0x20
-#define PIC1_DATA 0x21
-#define PIC2_COMMAND 0xA0
-#define PIC2_DATA 0xA1
-
-static const char* exception_messages[32] = {
-    "divide by zero",
-    "debug",
-    "non maskable interrupt",
-    "breakpoint",
-    "overflow",
-    "bound range exceeded",
-    "invalid opcode",
-    "device not available",
-    "double fault",
-    "coprocessor segment overrun",
-    "invalid tss",
-    "segment not present",
-    "stack-segment fault",
-    "general protection fault",
-    "page fault",
-    "reserved",
-    "x87 floating point exception",
-    "alignment check",
-    "machine check",
-    "simd floating point exception",
-    "virtualization exception",
-    "control protection exception",
-    "reserved",
-    "reserved",
-    "reserved",
-    "reserved",
-    "reserved",
-    "reserved",
-    "hypervisor injection exception",
-    "vmm communication exception",
-    "security exception",
-    "reserved",
-};
-
-static irq_handler_t irq_handlers[16] = {0};
-
-bool cpu_has_apic() {
-    uint32_t eax, edx;
-    cpuid(1, &eax, &edx);
-    return (edx & CPUID_FEAT_EDX_APIC) != 0;
-}
-
-void enable_apic() {
-    uint64_t apic_base = rdmsr(0x1B);
-    apic_base |= (1 << 11);
-    wrmsr(0x1B, apic_base);
-    kprintf("APIC enabled\n");
-}
-
-void remap_pic()
-{
-    outb(PIC1_COMMAND, 0x11);
-	outb(PIC2_COMMAND, 0x11);
-
-	outb(PIC1_DATA, 32);
-	outb(PIC2_DATA, 40);
-
-	outb(PIC1_DATA, 4);
-	outb(PIC2_DATA, 2);
-
-	outb(PIC1_DATA, 1);
-	outb(PIC2_DATA, 1);
-
-	outb(PIC1_DATA, 0);
-	outb(PIC2_DATA, 0);
-    kprintf("PIC remapped\n");
-}
-
-void disable_pic() {
-    outb(PIC1_DATA, 0xFF);
-    outb(PIC2_DATA, 0xFF);
-    kprintf("PIC disabled\n");
-}
-
-void handle_exception(const isr_frame_t* frame)
-{
-    kprintf("exception[%d]: %s, error code: %d\n", frame->int_no, exception_messages[frame->int_no], frame->err_code);
-    kpanic();
-}
-
-void register_irq_handler(uint8_t irq, irq_handler_t handler)
-{
-    if (irq >= 16)
-    {
-        kprintf("Cannot register irq %d is out of bounds\n", irq);
-    }
-    else
-    {
-        irq_handlers[irq] = handler;
-        kprintf("Registered irq handler at vector %d\n", irq);
-    }
-}
-
-void handle_irq(const isr_frame_t* frame)
-{
-    uint8_t irq = frame->int_no - 32;
-
-    if (irq_handlers[irq])
-    {
-        irq_handlers[irq](frame);
-    }
-
-    if (irq >= 8)
-    {
-        outb(PIC2_COMMAND, 0x20);
-    }
-
-    outb(PIC1_COMMAND, 0x20);
-}
-
-void handle_isr(const isr_frame_t* frame)
-{
-    if (frame->int_no < 32)
-    {
-        handle_exception(frame);
-    }
-    else if (frame->int_no < 48)
-    {
-        handle_irq(frame);
-    }
-    else
-    {
-        kprintf("interrupt[%d]: not implemented\n", frame->int_no);
-    }
-}

src/interrupts.h

@@ -1,35 +0,0 @@
-#pragma once
-
-#include "kernel.h"
-#include <stdint.h>
-
-typedef struct
-{
-    uint64_t r15, r14, r13, r12, r11, r10, r9, r8;
-    uint64_t rbp, rdi, rsi, rdx, rcx, rbx, rax;
-    uint64_t int_no;
-    uint64_t err_code;
-    uint64_t rip, cs, rflags, rsp, ss;
-} __attribute__((packed)) isr_frame_t;
-
-typedef void (*irq_handler_t)(const isr_frame_t*);
-
-void remap_pic();
-void disable_pic();
-
-bool cpu_has_apic();
-void enable_apic();
-
-void register_irq_handler(uint8_t irq, irq_handler_t handler);
-
-static inline void enable_interrupts()
-{
-    __asm__ volatile("sti");
-    kprintf("Interrupts enabled\n");
-}
-
-static inline void disable_interrupts()
-{
-    __asm__ volatile("cli");
-    kprintf("Interrupts disabled\n");
-}

src/kernel.c

@@ -1,108 +0,0 @@
-#include "kernel.h"
-#include "interrupts.h"
-#include "keyboard.h"
-#include "string.h"
-#include "vga.h"
-#include <stdarg.h>
-#include "multiboot.h"
-
-void handle_keypress(const keyboard_event_t* event)
-{
-    if (event->pressed && event->ascii)
-    {
-        kprintf("%c", event->ascii);
-    }
-}
-
-void kmain(multiboot_info_t* multiboot_info)
-{
-    vga_clear();
-    remap_pic();
-
-    if (cpu_has_apic())
-    {
-        disable_pic();
-        enable_apic();
-    }
-
-    enable_interrupts();
-    register_keypress_handler(handle_keypress);
-
-    kprintf("Welcome to nub OS\n");
-    khalt();
-}
-
-void kpanic()
-{
-    kprintf("Kernel panic!\n");
-    disable_interrupts();
-    khalt();
-}
-
-void kprintf(const char* fmt, ...)
-{
-    va_list args;
-    va_start(args, fmt);
-
-    bool should_format = false;
-
-    for (size_t i = 0; fmt[i] != '\0'; i++)
-    {
-        if (should_format)
-        {
-            should_format = false;
-
-            if (fmt[i] == '%')
-            {
-                vga_put_char('%', VGA_DEFAULT_COLOR);
-            }
-            else if (fmt[i] == 's')
-            {
-                const char* str = va_arg(args, const char*);
-                for (size_t j = 0; str[j] != '\0'; j++)
-                {
-                    vga_put_char(str[j], VGA_DEFAULT_COLOR);
-                }
-            }
-            else if (fmt[i] == 'c')
-            {
-                char character = (char)va_arg(args, int64_t);
-                vga_put_char(character, VGA_DEFAULT_COLOR);
-            }
-            else if (fmt[i] == 'd')
-            {
-                int64_t val = va_arg(args, int64_t);
-                char buf[21];
-                itoa64(val, buf);
-                for (size_t j = 0; buf[j] != '\0'; j++)
-                {
-                    vga_put_char(buf[j], VGA_DEFAULT_COLOR);
-                }
-            }
-            else if (fmt[i] == 'u')
-            {
-                uint64_t val = va_arg(args, uint64_t);
-                char buf[21];
-                uitoa64(val, buf);
-                for (size_t j = 0; buf[j] != '\0'; j++)
-                {
-                    vga_put_char(buf[j], VGA_DEFAULT_COLOR);
-                }
-            }
-            else
-            {
-                vga_put_char(fmt[i], VGA_DEFAULT_COLOR);
-            }
-        }
-        else if (fmt[i] == '%')
-        {
-            should_format = true;
-        }
-        else
-        {
-            vga_put_char(fmt[i], VGA_DEFAULT_COLOR);
-        }
-    }
-
-    va_end(args);
-}

src/kernel.h

@@ -1,13 +0,0 @@
-#pragma once
-
-void kpanic();
-
-static inline void khalt()
-{
-    while (true)
-    {
-        __asm__ volatile ("hlt");
-    }
-}
-
-void kprintf(const char* fmt, ...);

src/kernel/alloc.c

@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+#include "alloc.h"
+#include <assert.h>
+
+typedef struct block_header
+{
+    size_t size;
+    bool is_free;
+    struct block_header* next;
+    struct block_header* prev;
+    u8 data[];
+} block_header_t;
+
+static block_header_t* heap_start = NULL;
+
+#define HEADER_SIZE sizeof(block_header_t)
+
+static block_header_t* find_free_block(size_t size)
+{
+    block_header_t* current = heap_start;
+
+    while (current != NULL)
+    {
+        if (current->is_free && current->size >= size)
+        {
+            return current;
+        }
+
+        current = current->next;
+    }
+
+    return NULL;
+}
+
+void* malloc(size_t size)
+{
+    // Align to pointer size
+    size = (size + sizeof(void*) - 1) & ~(sizeof(void*) - 1);
+
+    block_header_t* block = find_free_block(size);
+    block->is_free = false;
+    return (u8*)block + HEADER_SIZE;
+}
+
+void free(void* ptr)
+{
+    block_header_t* block = (block_header_t*)((u8*)ptr - HEADER_SIZE);
+    assert(block->is_free, "Block is already free");
+    block->is_free = true;
+}

src/kernel/alloc.h

@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#include "def.h"
+
+void* malloc(size_t size);
+void free(void* ptr);

src/kernel/kernel.c

@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+#include "kernel.h"
+#include <arch.h>
+#include <printf.h>
+
+void kernel_main()
+{
+    arch_api.enable_interrupts();
+
+    printf("Welcome to nub OS :)\n");
+    printf("Kernel has exited\n");
+    arch_api.halt();
+}

src/kernel/kernel.h

@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+#pragma once
+
+void kernel_main();

src/keyboard.c

@@ -1,111 +0,0 @@
-#include "keyboard.h"
-#include "interrupts.h"
-#include "kernel.h"
-#include "vga.h"
-#include "util.h"
-#include <stddef.h>
-
-#define SCANCODE_LEFT_SHIFT 42
-#define SCANCODE_RIGHT_SHIFT 54
-#define SCANCODE_CAPS_LOCK 58
-
-#define KEYBOARD_HANDLERS_LENGTH 32
-
-unsigned const char us_keymap[128] = {
-    0,   27,  '1', '2', '3',  '4', '5', '6',  '7', '8', '9',  '0', '-', '=', '\b', '\t', 'q', 'w',
-    'e', 'r', 't', 'y', 'u',  'i', 'o', 'p',  '[', ']', '\n', 0,   'a', 's', 'd',  'f',  'g', 'h',
-    'j', 'k', 'l', ';', '\'', '`', 0,   '\\', 'z', 'x', 'c',  'v', 'b', 'n', 'm',  ',',  '.', '/',
-    0,   '*', 0,   ' ', 0,    0,   0,   0,    0,   0,   0,    0,   0,   0,   0,    0,    0,   0,
-    0,   0,   '-', 0,   0,    0,   '+', 0,    0,   0,   0,    0,   0,   0,   0,    0,    0,   0,
-};
-
-unsigned const char us_keymap_shift[128] = {
-    0,   27,  '!', '@', '#', '$', '%', '^', '&', '*', '(',  ')', '_', '+', '\b', '\t', 'Q', 'W',
-    'E', 'R', 'T', 'Y', 'U', 'I', 'O', 'P', '{', '}', '\n', 0,   'A', 'S', 'D',  'F',  'G', 'H',
-    'J', 'K', 'L', ':', '"', '~', 0,   '|', 'Z', 'X', 'C',  'V', 'B', 'N', 'M',  '<',  '>', '?',
-    0,   '*', 0,   ' ', 0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,    0,   0,   0,   0,    0,    0,   0,
-    0,   0,   '-', 0,   0,   0,   '+', 0,   0,   0,   0,    0,   0,   0,   0,    0,    0,   0,
-};
-
-bool shift = false;
-bool caps_lock = false;
-
-// todo(nub): make dynamic when a memory allocator is implemented
-static keyboard_handler_t keyboard_handlers[KEYBOARD_HANDLERS_LENGTH];
-static size_t handler_index = 0;
-
-char scan_code_to_ascii(uint8_t scan_code)
-{
-    if (scan_code >= 128)
-    {
-        return 0;
-    }
-
-    if ((!caps_lock && shift) || (caps_lock && !shift))
-    {
-        return us_keymap_shift[scan_code];
-    }
-    else
-    {
-        return us_keymap[scan_code];
-    }
-}
-
-void handle_keyboard(const isr_frame_t* frame)
-{
-    uint8_t code = inb(0x60);
-    uint8_t scan_code = code & 0x7F;
-    bool pressed = (code & 0x80) == 0;
-
-    switch (scan_code)
-    {
-    case SCANCODE_LEFT_SHIFT:
-    case SCANCODE_RIGHT_SHIFT:
-    {
-        shift = pressed;
-        break;
-    }
-    case SCANCODE_CAPS_LOCK:
-    {
-        if (pressed)
-        {
-            caps_lock = !caps_lock;
-        }
-        break;
-    }
-    default:
-    {
-        keyboard_event_t event = {
-            .scan_code = scan_code,
-            .pressed = pressed,
-            .caps_lock = caps_lock,
-            .shift = shift,
-            .ascii = scan_code_to_ascii(scan_code),
-        };
-
-        for (size_t i = 0; i < handler_index; i++)
-        {
-            keyboard_handlers[i](&event);
-        }
-    }
-    }
-}
-
-void register_keypress_handler(const keyboard_handler_t handler)
-{
-    // todo(nub31): remove when a memory allocator is implemented and
-    // keyboard_handlers is a dynamic list
-    if (handler_index >= KEYBOARD_HANDLERS_LENGTH)
-    {
-        kprintf("Maximum keyboard handlers reached\n");
-        kpanic();
-    }
-
-    keyboard_handlers[handler_index] = handler;
-    handler_index += 1;
-}
-
-void init_keyboard()
-{
-    register_irq_handler(1, handle_keyboard);
-}

src/keyboard.h

@@ -1,18 +0,0 @@
-#pragma once
-
-#include <stdint.h>
-
-typedef struct
-{
-    uint8_t scan_code;
-    bool pressed;
-    bool shift;
-    bool caps_lock;
-    char ascii;
-} keyboard_event_t;
-
-typedef void (*keyboard_handler_t)(const keyboard_event_t*);
-
-void init_keyboard();
-void register_keypress_handler(keyboard_handler_t handler);
-char scan_code_to_ascii(uint8_t scan_code);

src/lib/arch.h

@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#include <def.h>
+
+typedef void (*arch_console_putchar_t)(char c);
+typedef void (*arch_console_clear_t)();
+
+typedef struct
+{
+    const arch_console_putchar_t putchar;
+    const arch_console_clear_t clear;
+} arch_console_api_t;
+
+typedef size_t (*arch_mem_get_page_size_t)();
+typedef void* (*arch_mem_alloc_t)(size_t page_count);
+typedef void (*arch_mem_free_t)(void* virtual_address, size_t page_count);
+
+typedef struct
+{
+    const arch_mem_get_page_size_t get_page_size;
+    const arch_mem_alloc_t alloc;
+    const arch_mem_free_t free;
+} arch_mem_api_t;
+
+typedef void (*arch_panic_t)();
+typedef void (*arch_enable_interrupts_t)();
+typedef void (*arch_disable_interrupts_t)();
+typedef void (*arch_halt_t)();
+
+typedef struct
+{
+    const arch_panic_t panic;
+    const arch_enable_interrupts_t enable_interrupts;
+    const arch_disable_interrupts_t disable_interrupts;
+    const arch_halt_t halt;
+    const arch_console_api_t console;
+    const arch_mem_api_t mem;
+} arch_api_t;
+
+extern arch_api_t arch_api;

src/lib/assert.h

@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#include <arch.h>
+#include <printf.h>
+
+// Make sure `arch_api.panic` and `arch_api.console.putchar` is intialized if calling from architecure-specific code.
+// Will be compiled out if `DEBUG` is not defined.
+static inline void assert(bool condition, const char* msg)
+{
+#if DEBUG
+    if (!condition)
+    {
+        printf(msg);
+        arch_api.panic();
+    }
+#endif
+}

src/lib/def.h

@@ -0,0 +1,67 @@
+#pragma once
+
+typedef __builtin_va_list va_list;
+
+#define va_start(ap, last) __builtin_va_start(ap, last)
+#define va_arg(ap, type) __builtin_va_arg(ap, type)
+#define va_end(ap) __builtin_va_end(ap)
+#define va_copy(dest, src) __builtin_va_copy(dest, src)
+
+#ifndef NULL
+#define NULL ((void*)0)
+#endif
+
+typedef unsigned long size_t;
+typedef unsigned long uintptr_t;
+
+#define offsetof(type, member) __builtin_offsetof(type, member)
+
+typedef unsigned char u8;
+typedef signed char i8;
+typedef unsigned short u16;
+typedef signed short i16;
+typedef unsigned int u32;
+typedef signed int i32;
+typedef unsigned long long u64;
+typedef signed long long i64;
+
+#define I8_MIN (-128)
+#define I8_MAX 127
+
+#define U8_MIN 0x0
+#define U8_MAX 0xff
+
+#define I16_MIN (-32768)
+#define I16_MAX 32767
+
+#define U16_MIN 0x0
+#define U16_MAX 0xffff
+
+#define I32_MIN (-2147483647 - 1)
+#define I32_MAX 2147483647
+
+#define U32_MIN 0x0
+#define U32_MAX 0xffffffffU
+
+#define I64_MIN (-9223372036854775807LL - 1)
+#define I64_MAX 9223372036854775807LL
+
+#define U64_MIN 0x0
+#define U64_MAX 0xffffffffffffffffULL
+
+#define I8_C(x) x
+#define U8_C(x) x##U
+
+#define I16_C(x) x
+#define U16_C(x) x##U
+
+#define I32_C(x) x
+#define U32_C(x) x##U
+
+#define I64_C(x) x##LL
+#define U64_C(x) x##ULL
+
+#define KiB(count) (U64_C(count) * U64_C(1024))
+#define MiB(count) (U64_C(count) * U64_C(1024) * U64_C(1024))
+#define GiB(count) (U64_C(count) * U64_C(1024) * U64_C(1024) * U64_C(1024))
+#define TiB(count) (U64_C(count) * U64_C(1024) * U64_C(1024) * U64_C(1024) * U64_C(1024))

src/lib/mem.c

@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+#include "mem.h"
+
+void memset(void* destination, u8 value, size_t length)
+{
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < length; i++)
+    {
+        ((u8*)destination)[i] = value;
+    }
+}
+
+void memcpy(void* destination, void* source, size_t length)
+{
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < length; i++)
+    {
+        ((u8*)destination)[i] = ((u8*)source)[i];
+    }
+}

src/lib/mem.h

@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#include <def.h>
+
+void memset(void* destination, u8 value, size_t length);
+void memcpy(void* destination, void* source, size_t length);

src/lib/printf.c

@@ -0,0 +1,99 @@
+#include "printf.h"
+#include <arch.h>
+#include <def.h>
+#include <string.h>
+
+// Make sure `arch_api.console.putchar` is intialized if calling from architecure-specific code.
+//
+// Supported formats:
+//     - `d`: i64     (decimal)
+//     - `u`: u64     (decimal)
+//     - `x`: u64     (hex)
+//     - `c`: char    (ascii)
+//     - `s`: char*   (ascii string)
+//
+// ```c
+// printf(
+//     "The answer is %d is located at offset %x in file %s",
+//      42,
+//      0x2000
+//      "hitchhiker.txt"
+// );
+// ```
+void printf(const char* fmt, ...)
+{
+    va_list args;
+    va_start(args, fmt);
+
+    bool should_format = false;
+
+    for (size_t i = 0; fmt[i] != '\0'; i++)
+    {
+        if (should_format)
+        {
+            should_format = false;
+
+            if (fmt[i] == '%')
+            {
+                arch_api.console.putchar('%');
+            }
+            else if (fmt[i] == 's')
+            {
+                const char* str = va_arg(args, const char*);
+                for (size_t j = 0; str[j] != '\0'; j++)
+                {
+                    arch_api.console.putchar(str[j]);
+                }
+            }
+            else if (fmt[i] == 'c')
+            {
+                char character = (char)va_arg(args, u64);
+                arch_api.console.putchar(character);
+            }
+            else if (fmt[i] == 'd')
+            {
+                u64 val = va_arg(args, u64);
+                char buf[21];
+                itoa64(val, buf);
+                for (size_t j = 0; buf[j] != '\0'; j++)
+                {
+                    arch_api.console.putchar(buf[j]);
+                }
+            }
+            else if (fmt[i] == 'u')
+            {
+                u64 val = va_arg(args, u64);
+                char buf[21];
+                uitoa64(val, buf);
+                for (size_t j = 0; buf[j] != '\0'; j++)
+                {
+                    arch_api.console.putchar(buf[j]);
+                }
+            }
+            else if (fmt[i] == 'x')
+            {
+                u64 val = va_arg(args, u64);
+                char buf[17];
+                uitoa64_hex(val, buf);
+                for (size_t j = 0; buf[j] != '\0'; j++)
+                {
+                    arch_api.console.putchar(buf[j]);
+                }
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                arch_api.console.putchar(fmt[i]);
+            }
+        }
+        else if (fmt[i] == '%')
+        {
+            should_format = true;
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            arch_api.console.putchar(fmt[i]);
+        }
+    }
+
+    va_end(args);
+}

src/lib/printf.h

@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+#pragma once
+
+// In arch code, make sure arch_api.console.putchar is set up befire calling
+void printf(const char* fmt, ...);

src/lib/string.c

@@ -25,7 +25,11 @@ void reverse(char* str, size_t length)
     }
 }
 
-void itoa64(int64_t value, char* buffer)
+// ```c
+// char buffer[21];
+// itoa64(-1234, buffer);
+// ```
+void itoa64(i64 value, char* buffer)
 {
     char temp[21];
     int i = 0, j = 0;
@@ -34,7 +38,7 @@ void itoa64(int64_t value, char* buffer)
     if (value < 0)
     {
         negative = 1;
-        if (value == INT64_MIN)
+        if (value == I64_MIN)
         {
             const char* min_str = "9223372036854775808";
             for (i = 0; min_str[i] != '\0'; i++)
@@ -54,7 +58,7 @@ void itoa64(int64_t value, char* buffer)
         return;
     }
 
-    if (!(negative && value == INT64_MIN))
+    if (!(negative && value == I64_MIN))
     {
         while (value > 0)
         {
@@ -75,7 +79,11 @@ void itoa64(int64_t value, char* buffer)
     buffer[j] = '\0';
 }
 
-void uitoa64(uint64_t value, char* buffer)
+// ```c
+// char buffer[21];
+// uitoa64(1234, buffer);
+// ```
+void uitoa64(u64 value, char* buffer)
 {
     char temp[21];
     int i = 0, j = 0;
@@ -98,4 +106,30 @@ void uitoa64(uint64_t value, char* buffer)
         buffer[j++] = temp[--i];
     }
     buffer[j] = '\0';
+}
+
+void uitoa64_hex(u64 value, char* buffer)
+{
+    const char* digits = "0123456789abcdef";
+    char temp[17];
+    int pos = 0;
+
+    if (value == 0)
+    {
+        buffer[0] = '0';
+        buffer[1] = '\0';
+        return;
+    }
+
+    while (value > 0 && pos < 16)
+    {
+        temp[pos++] = digits[value & 0xF];
+        value >>= 4;
+    }
+
+    for (int i = 0; i < pos; i++)
+    {
+        buffer[i] = temp[pos - i - 1];
+    }
+    buffer[pos] = '\0';
 }

src/lib/string.h

@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#include <def.h>
+
+int strcmp(const char* a, const char* b);
+void reverse(char* str, size_t length);
+
+void itoa64(i64 value, char* buffer);
+void uitoa64(u64 value, char* buffer);
+void uitoa64_hex(u64 value, char* buffer);

src/multiboot.h

@@ -1,71 +0,0 @@
-#pragma once
-
-#include <stdint.h>
-
-#define MULTIBOOT_FLAG_MEMIFO           0b0000000000001
-#define MULTIBOOT_FLAG_BOOT_DEVICE      0b0000000000010
-#define MULTIBOOT_FLAG_CMDLINE          0b0000000000100
-#define MULTIBOOT_FLAG_MODINFO          0b0000000001000
-#define MULTIBOOT_FLAG_MMAP             0b0000001000000
-#define MULTIBOOT_FLAG_DRIVES           0b0000010000000
-#define MULTIBOOT_FLAG_CONFIG_TABLE     0b0000100000000
-#define MULTIBOOT_FLAG_BOOTLOADER_NAME  0b0001000000000
-#define MULTIBOOT_FLAG_APM_TABLE        0b0010000000000
-#define MULTIBOOT_FLAG_VBEINFO          0b0100000000000
-#define MULTIBOOT_FLAG_FRAMEBUFFER_INFO 0b1000000000000
-
-typedef struct multiboot_info
-{
-    uint32_t flags; // required
-
-    // Available if flags[0] is set
-    uint32_t mem_lower;
-    uint32_t mem_upper;
-
-    // Available if flags[1] is set
-    uint32_t boot_device;
-
-    // Available if flags[2] is set
-    uint32_t cmdline;
-
-    // Available if flags[3] is set
-    uint32_t mods_count;
-    uint32_t mods_addr;
-
-    // Available if flags[4] or flags[5] is set
-    uint8_t syms[16]; // 28 - 40 bytes, exact layout may differ depending on a.out or ELF
-
-    // Available if flags[6] is set
-    uint32_t mmap_length;
-    uint32_t mmap_addr;
-
-    // Available if flags[7] is set
-    uint32_t drives_length;
-    uint32_t drives_addr;
-
-    // Available if flags[8] is set
-    uint32_t config_table;
-
-    // Available if flags[9] is set
-    uint32_t boot_loader_name;
-
-    // Available if flags[10] is set
-    uint32_t apm_table;
-
-    // Available if flags[11] is set
-    uint32_t vbe_control_info;
-    uint32_t vbe_mode_info;
-    uint16_t vbe_mode;
-    uint16_t vbe_interface_seg;
-    uint16_t vbe_interface_off;
-    uint16_t vbe_interface_len;
-
-    // Available if flags[12] is set
-    uint64_t framebuffer_addr; // 64-bit for large memory addresses
-    uint32_t framebuffer_pitch;
-    uint32_t framebuffer_width;
-    uint32_t framebuffer_height;
-    uint8_t framebuffer_bpp;
-    uint8_t framebuffer_type;
-    uint8_t color_info[6]; // 110-115 bytes
-} __attribute__((packed)) multiboot_info_t;

src/string.h

@@ -1,9 +0,0 @@
-#pragma once
-
-#include <stdint.h>
-#include <stddef.h>
-
-int strcmp(const char* a, const char* b);
-void reverse(char* str, size_t length);
-void uitoa64(uint64_t value, char* buffer);
-void itoa64(int64_t value, char* buffer);

src/util.h

@@ -1,101 +0,0 @@
-#pragma once
-
-#include <stdint.h>
-
-enum {
-    CPUID_FEAT_ECX_SSE3         = 1 << 0,
-    CPUID_FEAT_ECX_PCLMUL       = 1 << 1,
-    CPUID_FEAT_ECX_DTES64       = 1 << 2,
-    CPUID_FEAT_ECX_MONITOR      = 1 << 3,
-    CPUID_FEAT_ECX_DS_CPL       = 1 << 4,
-    CPUID_FEAT_ECX_VMX          = 1 << 5,
-    CPUID_FEAT_ECX_SMX          = 1 << 6,
-    CPUID_FEAT_ECX_EST          = 1 << 7,
-    CPUID_FEAT_ECX_TM2          = 1 << 8,
-    CPUID_FEAT_ECX_SSSE3        = 1 << 9,
-    CPUID_FEAT_ECX_CID          = 1 << 10,
-    CPUID_FEAT_ECX_SDBG         = 1 << 11,
-    CPUID_FEAT_ECX_FMA          = 1 << 12,
-    CPUID_FEAT_ECX_CX16         = 1 << 13,
-    CPUID_FEAT_ECX_XTPR         = 1 << 14,
-    CPUID_FEAT_ECX_PDCM         = 1 << 15,
-    CPUID_FEAT_ECX_PCID         = 1 << 17,
-    CPUID_FEAT_ECX_DCA          = 1 << 18,
-    CPUID_FEAT_ECX_SSE4_1       = 1 << 19,
-    CPUID_FEAT_ECX_SSE4_2       = 1 << 20,
-    CPUID_FEAT_ECX_X2APIC       = 1 << 21,
-    CPUID_FEAT_ECX_MOVBE        = 1 << 22,
-    CPUID_FEAT_ECX_POPCNT       = 1 << 23,
-    CPUID_FEAT_ECX_TSC          = 1 << 24,
-    CPUID_FEAT_ECX_AES          = 1 << 25,
-    CPUID_FEAT_ECX_XSAVE        = 1 << 26,
-    CPUID_FEAT_ECX_OSXSAVE      = 1 << 27,
-    CPUID_FEAT_ECX_AVX          = 1 << 28,
-    CPUID_FEAT_ECX_F16C         = 1 << 29,
-    CPUID_FEAT_ECX_RDRAND       = 1 << 30,
-    CPUID_FEAT_ECX_HYPERVISOR   = 1 << 31,
-
-    CPUID_FEAT_EDX_FPU          = 1 << 0,
-    CPUID_FEAT_EDX_VME          = 1 << 1,
-    CPUID_FEAT_EDX_DE           = 1 << 2,
-    CPUID_FEAT_EDX_PSE          = 1 << 3,
-    CPUID_FEAT_EDX_TSC          = 1 << 4,
-    CPUID_FEAT_EDX_MSR          = 1 << 5,
-    CPUID_FEAT_EDX_PAE          = 1 << 6,
-    CPUID_FEAT_EDX_MCE          = 1 << 7,
-    CPUID_FEAT_EDX_CX8          = 1 << 8,
-    CPUID_FEAT_EDX_APIC         = 1 << 9,
-    CPUID_FEAT_EDX_SEP          = 1 << 11,
-    CPUID_FEAT_EDX_MTRR         = 1 << 12,
-    CPUID_FEAT_EDX_PGE          = 1 << 13,
-    CPUID_FEAT_EDX_MCA          = 1 << 14,
-    CPUID_FEAT_EDX_CMOV         = 1 << 15,
-    CPUID_FEAT_EDX_PAT          = 1 << 16,
-    CPUID_FEAT_EDX_PSE36        = 1 << 17,
-    CPUID_FEAT_EDX_PSN          = 1 << 18,
-    CPUID_FEAT_EDX_CLFLUSH      = 1 << 19,
-    CPUID_FEAT_EDX_DS           = 1 << 21,
-    CPUID_FEAT_EDX_ACPI         = 1 << 22,
-    CPUID_FEAT_EDX_MMX          = 1 << 23,
-    CPUID_FEAT_EDX_FXSR         = 1 << 24,
-    CPUID_FEAT_EDX_SSE          = 1 << 25,
-    CPUID_FEAT_EDX_SSE2         = 1 << 26,
-    CPUID_FEAT_EDX_SS           = 1 << 27,
-    CPUID_FEAT_EDX_HTT          = 1 << 28,
-    CPUID_FEAT_EDX_TM           = 1 << 29,
-    CPUID_FEAT_EDX_IA64         = 1 << 30,
-    CPUID_FEAT_EDX_PBE          = 1 << 31
-};
-
-static inline void outb(uint16_t port, uint8_t val)
-{
-    __asm__ volatile("outb %0, %1" : : "a"(val), "Nd"(port));
-}
-
-static inline uint8_t inb(uint16_t port)
-{
-    uint8_t ret;
-    __asm__ volatile("inb %1, %0" : "=a"(ret) : "Nd"(port));
-    return ret;
-}
-
-static inline void io_wait()
-{
-    outb(0x80, 0);
-}
-
-static inline void cpuid(uint32_t code, uint32_t* a, uint32_t* d) {
-    __asm__ volatile("cpuid" : "=a"(*a), "=d"(*d) : "a"(code) : "ecx", "ebx");
-}
-
-static inline uint64_t rdmsr(uint32_t msr) {
-    uint32_t lo, hi;
-    __asm__ volatile("rdmsr" : "=a"(lo), "=d"(hi) : "c"(msr));
-    return ((uint64_t)hi << 32) | lo;
-}
-
-static inline void wrmsr(uint32_t msr, uint64_t value) {
-    uint32_t lo = (uint32_t)value;
-    uint32_t hi = (uint32_t)(value >> 32);
-    __asm__ volatile("wrmsr" : : "c"(msr), "a"(lo), "d"(hi));
-}